《本草纲目》病证名的研究

Studies on the title of syndromes in Ben cao gang mu （Compendium of Materia Medica ）

明代李时珍《本草纲目》中的病证名词有其特殊性，本研究采用：①词条名汉语拼音；②汉文词条名；③在《纲目》中的使用频次；④释义；⑤文献备考等5项内容来表达。其中，汉文名词的选择，经过纸质文本通读普选（约18000）、分类精选（约6000），到最后定稿（4446个）。正名主词的选择主要根据同义词在《纲目》中的使用频次而定，其次考虑选择义项单纯，释义明确者作为主词。使用频次的统计，则要注意分离病证名，避免重复统计。每一个名词，都必须通过全文手动识别来排除非病证名词词组。释义的选择，则根据所选释名词在《纲目》中的全部语言环境，确定义项。一词多义，以①②③……分别列举。不同释义，以李时珍的理解为第一选择。同时，要注意排除歧义与错误。根据史源学原则，词证尽可能选择同一义项的最早出处。一般不能晚于《本草纲目》出版年——1578年。

The terms of syndrome titles appeared in Li Shi - zhen＇ s Ben cao gang mu （ Compendi- um ofMateria Medica） of the Ming dynasty are very unique. The present study is manifested by adopting 5 items for each terms, viz. 1. Pinyin system; 2. Chinese language ;3. the frequency of its appearance in this work; 4. definition and its explanation; 5. bibliographies. The selection of syndrome terms are completed by thorough reading of the paper book, numbering 18,000, then carefully further classify them into about 6 000, and eventually finalize them into 4 446. The topics of the terms are determined by the frequency of the terms of syndrome appeared in the book, then considering to select those simple and precise explanations for the terms, so as to settle the main topic for the terms. For the counting of the frequency of the terms ap- peared in this book, stress is laid on separating the terms so as to avoid repeated counting of a single term. Each term is checked by thorough reading of the full book to exclude those non - syndromic phrases. In terms of the adoption for the explanation or definition of each term, it is examined by checking all the lin- guistic context in this Compendium. As to a term with multiple definition, it is arranged in the order of ①②③……with Li Shi- zhen＇ s own interpretation on this term as the first choice. Meanwhile, unequivocal and wrong terms are to be excluded. Based on the principle of historical origin, the first choice for terms with an identical explanation is given to that first appearing term which, generally speaking, shouldn＇ t be later than 1578, the publishing time of the Compendium.