我国新电力体制改革酝酿过程的回顾

A Review of China′s Preparations for Power System Reform

参照美英电力体制改革模式,我国从2002年开始进行第二轮新的电力体制改革。世界银行要求的电力体制改革是政企分开、公司化改组、商业化运营、法制化管理,并实行自由化、私有化、放松管制、引入竞争机制。这些与英美的电力改革模式是相同的。中国与世界银行合作研究了电力体制改革,认为在中国的环境条件下,政府所有权和政府管理的改革要进行详细的设计,首先应着重于电力企业的商业化和公司化试点。课题研究组到国外考察后认为,中国电力体制改革的方向应该是政企分开、商业化和公司化,建立和健全法律法规。英国的竞争性电力市场必须有合理的电价形成机制、较大富裕的电网输运能力、健全的电力法规体系等,而中国不具备。中国电力部门深化改革座谈会上有两种意见:一种主张跨越单一购买机制模式(因美国加州采用该模式发生了电力危机);另一种主张把单一购买机制模式作为过渡模式。国务院经济改革办公室主办的中国电力行业监管国际研讨会上,世界银行代表建议中国电力体制改革采取单一购买机制模式。2001年3月出版的《英国新电力交易制度》(中译本)分析了单一购买机制模式存在的问题、缺点和不足,指出英国要用新电力交易制度来代替已经运营了十多年的单一购买机制模式。为此,应认识到中国电力改革的艰巨性,复杂性。

Using the power system reforms in the United States and the United Kingdom for reference,China initiated a second round of reform in its power system in 2002.According to the World Bank′s standards on power system reforms,corporate operation should be independent of government administration,power operators should be corporatized,operate like a market-driven business,manage business by law,practice liberalization,privatization and deregulation,and introduce competition.These requirements are in line with the power system reforms in the US and UK.China worked with the World Bank in devising its power system reform.They believe in the Chinese context a detailed design is essential for the section of the reform associated with government right and administration.In their design,the first step of the reform should be focusing on the trial commercialization and corporatization of power operators.After making investigational tours abroad,subject study teams concluded that the direction for China′s power system reform should be separation of government and corporate functions,commercialization and corporatization.According to them,China should also develop and perfect the relevant laws and regulations.The UK′s competitive power market is based on a rational electricity pricing mechanism,a highly surplus grid transmission capacity and a well-developed power legal system,none of which is available currently in China.Two views were formed at a national power system reform symposium.One view is to go beyond the single purchase mechanism（because California experienced a power crisis due to the adoption of that mechanism） and the other view is to use the single purchase mechanism as a transition.At an international forum on China′s power industry regulation sponsored by the Economic Reform Office of the State Council,representatives from the World Bank suggested that China adopted the single purchase mechanism in its power system reform.The New Electricity Trading Arrangement（Chinese version） published in March 2001 analyzes the problems and shortcomings of the single purchase mechanism and says that the UK will replace the decade-old single purchase mechanism with a new power trading arrangement.These underscore the arduousness and complexity of the power system reform in China.