科学问题进步性之探微

The discussion about the progress of scientific problem

科学理论的评价和科学问题的评价是科学哲学家视域中的两个不同但又不可割裂的研究领域。自逻辑实证主义以来,科学哲学家们已对前者做了深入系统地探讨,并取得了丰硕的成果,但对于后者的研究还远远不足。本文致力于科学问题进步性标准之探讨,并得出下列结论:第一,从科学研究者的背景知识距认知对象之间的亲缘性的远近角度,三分认知世界,并以此界定了科学问题的概念。该定义具有不同于以往的科学问题概念的新特质。第二,从系统论的角度,提出"科学理论起源于科学问题,科学问题依赖于科学理论"的论断,并得出科学理论与科学问题之间是相互引导和互为生成,共同筑构成科学发展的图景。第三,重点讨论了科学问题进步的三个标准:科学问题的前比较标准、后比较标准和当下比较标准,并得出科学问题当下标准中的矩标准和秩标准是一致的。

The evaluation of scientific theory and the evaluation of scientific problem are two integral components in the process of scientific activities. Philosophers of science have been studied the former a lot and have achieved fruitful results; but studied the latter a little. This text takes the problem of science as the study object： Firstly, from the view of Researchers＇background knowledge and the affinity between the researchers and background knowledge, we divide the world into types and discuss the concept of scientific questions. The concept is different from the scientific problem definitions which don＇ t distinguish different types of scientific problem. Secondly, according to the concept of scientific problem, we put forward the Proposition ＂ scientific theory originates from the scientific problems, scientific problem depends on scientific theory＂. Finally, we discuss three evaluation criteria of the scientific problem＇ s progress： previous comparing standard of scientific problems, the later standard and present standard of comparison, and draw a conclusion that the current standard scientific problem in matrix and rank standard is consistent.