明中后期蒙古族文化教育的恢复发展

On the Restoration and Development of Mongolian Culture and Education in the Mid and Late Ming Dynasty

自蒙元帝国崩溃其残余势力退居漠北后,蒙古族除部分留居于中原境内,大部分复游牧于漠北和漠南地区。明代前半期,蒙古族的文化教育活动因遭受重创处于停滞甚至衰落状态;明代中后期,达延汗即位之后,蒙古族的文化教育活动开始逐渐恢复并获得了一定的发展,包括学校教育(私塾教育)、寺院教育、著作翻译、文学艺术、历史文献、法律宝典、建筑、医学、天文学等许多方面。影响蒙古族文化教育活动恢复发展的因素主要有四个方面,即"威德兼施"的政治文化、贯"元"通"明"的儒家文化、"多封众建"的宗教文化和"亦农亦牧"的经济文化。

After the collapse of the Yuan Empire, its remnants retreated to the north of the Mongolia desert. Most Mongolians resumed their nomadic life wondering in the north and south of the desert, with only a small population remaining in the central plains. In the first half of the Ming Dynasty, still suffering from the heavy loss and destruction, Mongolian cultural and educational activities were in stagnation or decline. In the mid and late Ming Dynasty, after ascension of Dayan Khan, this condition had been improved. Mongolian cultural and educational activities began to recover and gained a certain level of development. Mongolian cultural and educational activities including education conducted by schools and temples, translation, literary arts, history, law, architecture, medicine, astronomy, etc. had greatly affected people＇s thinking in many aspects. There are four factors that had greatly influenced the development of the Mongolian cultural and educational activities. In politics, the Ming government advocated the ＂concurrency of mighty and kindness＂; in economy, it emphasized the ＂concurrency of agriculture and animal husbandry＂; in religion, it admitted multiple worship of gods and construction of temples; and in ideology it promoted Confucian doctrines of spiritual harmony with focus on the overall relevance of the humanities and rational thinking.