关于中国反垄断执法机构的设置与职责问题的探讨

An Approach to Antimonopoly Law Enforcement Authority and Its Responsibilities

以维护自由公平竞争秩序为己任的反垄断法是现代市场经济的基本法律之一 ,而其功能的有效发挥离不开一个权威、独立的执法机构。反垄断执法机构的科学设置及其职责的合理确定是中国反垄断法制建设中的重要一环 ,也是行政管理学和行政法学中的一个重要问题。从国外的情况来看 ,各国在设立专门机构负责执行反垄断法上是一致的 ,但在设置一个什么样的机构即在具体的体制上却没有固定的模式。在确定中国反垄断执法机构的设置时要考虑到反垄断法本身的特点、任务和调整对象、竞争立法模式、现有相关机构的设置情况以及外国经验的比较借鉴等因素 ,并要遵循科学合理、精干效能、权威独立等原则。据此 ,不宜在现有机构中指定反垄断执法机构 ,而应该单独创设专门的执法机构 ,其可以称为“国家反垄断委员会”或“国家公平交易委员会”,并只在中央和省两级设立。若此设想因涉及新设机构的敏感问题而难实现时 ,在求次佳的方案时也只能在目前的宏观综合经济部门中确定 ,而不宜在现有的微观市场执法部门指定。这是由于反垄断法更注重维护宏观的经济秩序、防止市场竞争不足从而具有政策性、灵活性和行政主导性的特点决定的。这样的机构应拥有调查检查权、审核批准权、行政处罚权、行政强制措施权和行政裁决权 。

Scientific establishment of antimonopoly law enforcement authority and reasonable definition of its responsibilities are important issues in administrative management science and administrative law as well as in antimonopoly legislation.In this article, the author takes a deep analysis into the facts and principles that should be taken into account in establishing China's counterpart. And the author points out that the authority should be specially established, which should be set up limited to two administrative levels: in the central government and province. If this scheme can notbe realized, the alternative choice is specified in existing macroscopic and integrated economic departments. Meanwhile, this article also takes an approach to the right of the authority should be enpowered.