论威廉斯个人完整性的道德合理性危机——作为功利主义的辩护

On the Moral Rationality Crisis of Williams′ Concept on Integrity——As a Defence of Utilitarianism

威廉斯的个人完整性概念以第一人称的视角、基于品格决定论的思维和回顾式责任反思的道德态度对功利主义主张的功利原则、道德规范和道德责任要求进行了批判。对完整性概念在道德上的根本质疑在于威廉斯要求维护的品格的完整性在道德价值上并不符合完善性要求,从而缺乏一种道德的合理性基础;这不仅是完整性概念道德合理性危机的根源,也奠定了功利主义的辩护基础:功利主义以一种基于整体和面向未来的思维导向,为人们提供了一种具有道德合理性内核的实践智慧。个人完整性对功利主义的启发性意义在于如何对待人的多样性特征在功利主义中的表现方式,从而建立一种个体对整体的信任。

From the first person perspective and on the basis of character-oriented theory and moral attitude of rethinking responsibility,William′s concept of individual integrity has imposed criticism on the utility principle,moral norms and responsibility of which utilitarian claims.The fundamental doubt of the integrity concept on morality lies in that the character integrity which William insists does not match the requirements of integrity,thereby lacking a reasonable basis of morality.Meanwhile,this not only constitutes the origin of the moral rationality crisis of integrity,but also lays a solid foundation for the utilitarianism： using a thinking direction on a basis of entirety and facing future,utilitarianism has provided mankind a practical wisdom with the core of moral rationality.The instructive significance of individual integrity to utilitarianism lies in the way to treat the manifestation mode of the mankind′s diversity on utilitarianism to establish a kind of reliability of an individual toward the entirety.