论“官搭民烧”对明清景德镇瓷业发展的影响

The Influence of "Manufacturing Imperial Porcelain in Commercial Plants" on the Development of Jingdezhen Ceramic Industry in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期景德镇瓷业生产中的"官搭民烧"制度,实际上渊源于宋元以来民窑"有命则贡,无命则止"的办法,最早实行是英宗"正统元年浮梁县民进瓷器五万余,官偿以钞",制定之初实为御窑厂在无法完成任务时的权宜之举,然而随着朝代的更迭几经变革,其对景德镇瓷业生产中的影响也发生了转折性改变,从制度实行之初的以盘剥、压榨民窑,阻碍民窑发展为主,转而发展成为官民窑相互汲取新技术、新设计元素的有效途径。此时,官民窑关系已从"剥削"与"被剥削"关系,转变为"设计"与"生产"、"分工"与"合作"的新关系,这也是清代景德镇瓷业繁荣和大发展的重要原因之一。

＂Manufacturing imperial porcelain in commercial plants＂ is a pattern of Jingdezhen ceramic production developed on the basis of ＂operating and terminating a commercial plant by the imperial decree for the need of the court＂ in Song and Yuan dynasties. The schedule was first implemented as an expedient during the reign of Emperor Yingzong in Song Dynasty when the official ware plant was unable to produce enough to fulfill the imperial order and the local govemment had to collect more than fifty thousand ceramic pieces from commercial plants in Fuliang county at the expense of official funds. With the alternating of dynasties, there were major fundamental changes in Jingdezhen ceramic industry. Manufacturing imperial porcelain in commercial plants was no longer a way to plunder commercial manufacturers or an obstacle in their progress; instead, it provided a venue where the imperial and the commercial ware plants were able to learn from each other new techniques and new designs. In this sense, the old relationship between the exploiter and the exploited changed into a new one between the designer and the producer, or a more cooperative one between collaborators engaged in different divisions of labor.