黄遵宪与早期美国华侨会馆

Huang Zunxian and Overseas Chinese Organization in United States

19世纪下半叶开始,在美洲华侨逐渐增多,华侨会馆应运而生,且在华侨社会中占据举足轻重的位置,然其受孤立性和美国排华影响遭受美国歧视与排斥。1882年,黄遵宪到美国旧金山担任总领事,时值美国排华的高峰期,华侨会馆面临内外交困,经世务实的黄遵宪为维护华侨利益,其改良主义的法治思想在遭遇美国民主法治之后得以发酵,在此指导之下,其对华人会馆做出整合,进行组织和法律的规范,并联合华侨之力量抵制排华,为华侨会馆的法治化、近代化开启进程,对美国华侨会馆的演变、发展和华侨社会产生了重大影响。

In the second half of the 19th century, the number of overseas Chinese in the America was increasing, meanwhile the overseas Chinese Associations came into being and occupied a pivotal position in the overseas Chi- nese community. But they suffered from discrimination and exclusion of the United States. In 1882, Huang Zunxian had come to San Francisco in the United States as Consul General. At that time , overseas Chinese and overseas Chi- nese Associations had a difficult time because of exclusion. Huang Zunxian pragmatically remediated overseas Chi- nese Associations ：he spocificated ,organized and legalized it. And he united overseas Chinese forces to resist the exclusion just for the maintenance of overseas Chinese interests. That impacted the evolution of the U.S. Overseas Chinese Associations , and the development of Chinese community.