传统中国意识形态史的知识社会学初步考察:一种民族学视角的社会理论反思

Primary Study on Knowledge Society in Chinese Traditional Ideology History——The Reflection of Social Theory from the Perspective of Ethnology

从梁启超开始的新史学重新将清朝官修史学的民族多样性缩减成为以儒学为核心的史统,后来的中外学者或者从儒学与皇权之关系、或者从儒释道三教合一的角度来看中国的意识形态史。这样一种眼光将元以后中国的意识形态的多元性转变成了国家与少数民族关系的问题,并进一步在中西关系的知识格局中来审视今日中国,而没有看到,藏传佛教作为一种兼具宗教与知识性格的文化传统,对于中国意识形态史之转型的意义。本文综合考察了国内外学者的儒教中国论、佛王治世说和元代的知识格局变迁,认为从凉州会盟以后,藏传佛教体系进入中国,中国的意识形态史从儒学中心的结构时代进入了多元意识形态关系史的时代,这一知识社会学的眼光或将对传统中国的意识形态研究有所裨益。

The new history from Liang Qichao reduced the ethnic diversity of history compiled by the government in the Ming dynasty to historiographic orthodox based on Confucianism. Chinese and foreign academics interpret Chinese ideology history from the perspective of the relationship between Confucianism and imperial power or the syncretism of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Thereof such view changed the diversity of Chinese ideology in the Ming dynasty into the issue about the relationship between country and ethnic groups, what＇s more, the academics see today＇s China through the knowledge structure in Sino- Western relations. However, they have ignored the fact that as the cultural tradition which combines religion with knowledge characters, Tibetan Buddhism bears the transitional meaning for Chinese traditional ideology history. The paper has comprehensively investigated Confucianism theory of China, the doctrine of managing world and the change of knowledge structure in the Ming dynasty. And it argues that after Liangzhou Meeting, the system of Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into China, from then on, Chinese ideology history changed from historiographic orthodox to the diversity of ideology. The point of knowledge society may have a great significance to Chinese traditional ideology research.