论戏剧文类的基本要素

On the Basic Elements in Dramas

戏剧艺术包含文学艺术和表演艺术两部分。作为文学艺术的戏剧包含冲突、行动和语言三大要素。冲突指两种力量的对抗,分为外在力量的冲突和人物内心的冲突,莎士比亚的"性格悲剧"主要表现内心冲突;行动是戏剧故事情节的组构方式,西方戏剧以"回溯式"方式集中展开戏剧冲突,中国传统戏曲的情节按时间顺序展开;语言指戏剧人物的唱词和台词,直接表现人物的内心冲突与情感,应具有抒情性和性格化特征。这三大要素是戏剧分析与批评的着眼点。

As a literary genre, drama has three basic elements： the conflict, the operation and the dialogues. The conflict of tragedy means the struggle between two forces, including inner conflict within the heart of characters which was displayed in Shakespeare＇s ＂Character Tragedy＂ . The operation means the organizational ways of story, which was used as ＂date--back way＂ in European dramas while as the chronology order in Chinese traditional opera. The dialogues （including words of ballad）, which display the inner conflict and affection of characters, must be lyricism and characterization. The above three elements are measure of value in drama criticism.