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证据概念的学科分析——法学、哲学、科学的视角 被引量:16

Disciplinary Analysis of the Concept of Evidence——from Legal,Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives
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摘要 证据概念分析是理解和坚守"通过证据认定案件事实"理性思想的关键。它的难解之处表现在,从法律实用主义的角度只能解释证据的合法性及其运用规则,无法理解与把握证据的客观性与相关性问题,这是需要引入哲学、科学分析工具的主要原因。证据的公共性是对证据进行哲学思考的起点,证据的实在论与反实在论反映了在证据指称上的不同主张。可站在温和的实在论立场研究反实在论提出的证据法课题。科学在证据思想、证据方法和证据资料三个不同的层面发挥了积极作用,但同时也带来相应的问题。数学中的条件概率理论及贝叶斯公式对证据证明力提供了一种判断工具,它将证据资料的可信性判断转化为证据作用的可能性判断。这种判断方法具有重要意义,在科学证据问题上意义更为突出。证据概念分析本质是一法学问题,证据运用的法律环境对证据概念的理解具有重要意义。"命题说"只具有哲学存在的必要性,"实质证据观"容易走向独断。 Analysis of the concept of evidence is Key to understanding and following the principle of "finding facts on the basis of evidence".The difficulty lies in that,from the perspective of legal pragmatism,we can only explain the legality of evidence and its rules of application,and we can not understand or explain issues related to the objectivity and pertinence of evidence.That is the main reason why we need to introduce philosophical and scientific approaches of analysis.The commonness of evidence is the starting point for one to make philosophical thinking on evidence.Realism and anti-realism theories of evidence reflect different positions on the reference of evidence.We can research on evidence issues forwarded by anti-realists from the angle of mild realism.Science plays positive roles in the three aspects of evidence theories,approaches of evidence and evidence materials,but it brings about problems as well.The probability theory and Bayesian formula in mathematics provide a valid approach to deciding the probative force of evidence.They convert the judgment of credibility of evidence into the judgment of probability of evidence.This approach is of great significance,especially in issues concerning scientific evidence.Basically,the analysis of the concept of evidence is a legal issue.The legal context of evidence application is crucial to the understanding of the concept of evidence.The "theory of proposition" only has philosophical significance,and "the theory of substantive evidence" tends to cause arbitrary decisions.
作者 张斌
机构地区 四川大学法学院
出处 《四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 CSSCI 北大核心 2013年第1期139-154,共16页 Journal of Sichuan University:Philosophy and Social Science Edition
关键词 证据概念 证据指称 实在论 反实在论 贝叶斯公式 the concept of evidence reference of evidence realism anti-realism Bayesian formula
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