乌鲁木齐地区不同生境下土壤跳虫群落结构及多样性研究

Studies on Community Structure and Diversity of Soil Collembolans in Different Habitats from Urumqi

为了解乌鲁木齐地区不同生境土壤跳虫群落结构及其多样性,研究土壤跳虫群落结构特征,了解不同生境差异对土壤跳虫群落结构的影响,分别在2008年4月、7月、9月和11月中旬对该区自然榆林、防护林、植物园、草地、居民点、废弃地及菜地等7种典型生境土壤跳虫群落特征进行了调查。共采集跳虫3728只,隶属于4目13科27属,其中伪亚跳属Pseudachorutes、球角跳属Hypogastrura、棘跳属Onychiurus、等节跳属Isotoma为优势类群,分别占总数的13.25%、12.31%、11.40%、10.03%,共占总数的47.00%。跳虫属Podura、长跳属Entomobrya、原等跳属Proisotoma、土跳属Tullbergia、驼跳属Cyphoderus、裸长角跳属Sinella、钩圆跳属Bourletiella、德跳属Desoria、小等节跳属Isotomiella、疣跳属Neanura、类符跳属Folsomina、符跳属Folsomia、刺驼跳属Cyphoderopsis及缺弹跳属Anuropho-rus等14属为常见类群,共占总数的47.65%,其余9属均为稀有类群,共占总数的5.35%。不同生境土壤跳虫的个体数和类群数差异较大(P<0.05),其中个体数顺序为自然榆林>防护林>草地>植物园>居民点>废弃地>菜地。跳虫个体密度和类群数在不同季节间差异明显(P<0.05),其中个体数顺序为9月>7月>4月>11月,Shan-non-Wiener多样性指数(H)在不同生境间均有显著差异(P<0.05),其顺序为植物园>防护林>自然榆林>草地>居民点>废弃地>菜地。Simpson优势度指数(C)为菜地>居民点>废弃地>草地>自然榆林>植物园>防护林。各生境间土壤跳虫群落的相似性较差,仅少数生境间相似性达到相似水平。研究表明不同生境植被类型是影响该区跳虫群落结构和多样性的主要因素。

In order to reveal the characteristics of community structure, diversity and seasonal dynamics of collembolans in different habitats （ natural forest, shelter forest, botanical garden, grassland, residential area, wasteland, and vegetable field） from Urumqi, surveys were conducted by using international general sampling methods, in April, July, September and November in 2008. The main findings of this study are as follows ： A total of 3728 soil collembolans were captured and classified into 4 orders, 13 families, 27 genera, respectively, of which the dominant groups included Pseudeachorutes, Hypo- gastrura , Onychiurus and Isotorna , accounting for 47.00% of total, Podura , Entomobrya , Proisotoma , Tullbergia , Cyphoderus , Sinella , Bourletiella , Desoria , IsotomieUa , Neanura , Folsomina , Folsomia , Cyphoderopsis and Anurophorus et al. 14 genera belonged to common groups, accounting for 47.65 % , and the others 9 genera belonged to the rare groups and they accounted for 5.35% only. There were significant differences of composition individual as well as diversity of soil eollembolan among the 7 different habitats in Urumqi （ P 〈 0.05 ）, the quantity orders of individuals were natural forest 〉 shelter forest 〉 grassland 〉 botanical garden 〉 residential area 〉 wasteland 〉 vegetable land. The vertieal distribution of the individual densities and group numbers were mainly in the layer of 0 - 5 cm in the soil profile and with the increasing depth of soil layers, the number of individuals and groups of soil eollembolan gradually declined. There were a significant differences of seasonal variation in the composition and individuals of soil eollembolan communities, and the sequences of seasonal dynamics of individual quantity of the soil collembolan were September 〉 July 〉 April 〉 November. Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H） rankings of different habitats were botanical garden 〉 shelter forest 〉 natural forest 〉 grassland 〉 residential area 〉wasteland 〉 vegetable land. Simpson dominance index （C） were vegetable land 〉 residential area 〉 wasteland 〉 grassland 〉 natural forest 〉 botanical garden 〉 shelter forest. The similarity of collembolan communities among the 7 habitats were rela- tively low, only a few habitats reached certain similar levels. The research indicates that the soil nature, different vegetation types are the main factors that are influencing the collembolan community structure and diversity in this area.