欧洲四国家庭友好政策及效应分析

A Study on the Family-friendly Policies of 4 EU Countries

为帮助女性职工平衡工作和家庭间的冲突、促进劳动力市场和家庭生活领域中的性别平等,以北欧国家为代表的欧盟国家率先制定并实施了家庭友好政策。从政策安排看,丹麦侧重于提供儿童早期教育和公共照料服务,英国更加注重家庭津贴和税收减免政策对家庭的支持,德国侧重于为家庭提供生育假期政策安排,意大利则着重为3—6岁的儿童提供免费的学前教育。从政策效应看,儿童早期教育和公共照料服务比生育假期和家庭津贴更能促进女性就业,提高女性地位。虽然四国家庭友好政策的侧重点和政策效应均存在一定差异,但向女性的政策倾斜仍然是各国家庭友好政策最重要的共性,也是践行"社会性别主流化"理念的一次有益尝试。

In order to help women employees balance work and family demands, many countries in Europe have implemented family-friendly policies. Denmark prioritizes early education and childcare, Britain emphasizes family allowance and tax benefits, Germany grants lengthy parental leave, and Italy provides free pre-school education for children aged three to six years. In terms of policy effects, early education and childcare play more influential roles than the others in promoting female employment and improving women＇s social status. There are some differences in the focus and policy effects of family-friendly policies in the four countries, but supporting women is the fundamental common feature of all the policies, as well as an effort to promote gender mainstreaming.