寻找伦理存在的自我——《培尔·金特》中的理性意志与伦理选择

The Self As an Ethical Being:On the Rational Will and Ethical Choice in Peer Gynt

易卜生的诗剧《培尔·金特》是一则关于斯芬克斯因子的不同组合与变化的寓言,展示了理性意志、自由意志和非理性意志之间的伦理冲突。培尔的"白日梦"是其兽性因子的表达与彰显,培尔的"出行"是对伦理责任的逃逸和规避,是其理性意志处于蒙昧状态、非理性意志肆意膨胀的体现;培尔的"归家"是其理性意识得到提升,克服非理性意志,摆脱兽性因子,向人性因子靠拢的选择,最终成为与兽相区别的、伦理的存在。本文紧扣"白日梦""出行""归家"三条伦理主线,通过逐一解构伦理选择、伦理身份、伦理意识等若干伦理结,来试图剖析易卜生蕴含在作品深处的道德旨趣:在受到道德指引、遵守道德准则的情况下,人的理性意志就会增强,人性因子得以彰显,人会成为一种伦理的存在;如果缺乏伦理意识,违背道德准则,缺乏道德指引,人的非理性意志就会占据上风,兽性因子就会失控,人就会误入歧途,实施伦理犯罪,引发伦理混乱。

Henrik Johan Ibsen＇s Peer Gynt is a moral allegory demonstrating the combination and changes of Sphinx fac- tor. Specifically, the play fully embraces the ethical conflicts among free will, rational will, and irrational will. From the per- spective of ethical literary criticism, Peer＇s daydream can be seen as the very expression of his animal factor, his ＂leaving home＂ as an evasion of his ethical responsibility, his ＂going home＂ as an embodiment of human factor. Along three ethical lines of ＂daydream＂, ＂leaving home＂ and ＂going home＂, this papers seeks to untie such ethical knots as ethical choice, ethi- cal identity and ethical consciousness so as to pin down the ethical purpose of the implied Ibsen： guided by the moral princi- ples, a man＇s rational will is to be strengthened, and his human factor will be embodied and he will become an ethical being ac- cordingly; lack of the ethical consciousness and moral guidance, violating the ethical principles, a man＇s irrational will is to take an advantageous position, which will drive the man to commit ethical crimes and cause ethical chaos.