非传统外交：外交社会化及其后果

Non-Traditional Diplomacy:The Socialization of Diplomacy and Its Consequences

外交是一种古老的政治工具,自从有了国家,就建立了外交制度。自18世纪以来,在意大利、法国和英国的共同努力下,由职业外交官垄断外交事务成为传统外交的主导范式。然而,全球化和信息技术革命催生了社会因素的崛起,外交社会化成为20世纪以来世界外交发展不可阻挡的趋势。国内外学术界对外交社会化也做出了各种回应。根据它们对外交转型的态度划分,形成了传统学派、新生学派和改良学派三个学派。不过,所有对外交社会化的解释均有一个共同的缺陷,就是过于关注某一力量中心对外交社会化的中观和微观影响,缺乏对宏观和系统外交转型的研究。如果将多种社会力量的外交参与综合起来,就会发现创造了一种不同于传统外交的非传统外交,如何统筹协调传统外交和非传统外交将成为各国外交面临的重要任务。置身于世界外交社会化的大潮中,中国应积极进行顶层设计,建设传统外交与非传统外交比翼齐飞的总体外交格局。

Diplomacy is an old political instrument developed along with the rise of state. Particularly after 18th century, the professional diplomacy, monopolized by diplomats and drafted successively by the Italian, the French and the British, had been the dominant paradigm of traditional diplomacy. However, with more and more social actors involved in foreign affairs driven by globalization and information revolution, socialization of diplomacy has increasingly been the irresistible historical trend since 20th century. Scholars at home and abroad have various theoretical responses to the socialization of diplomacy. Based on their attitudes towards transformation of diplomacy, they can be categorized into three schools, namely, the Traditional School, the Nascent School and the Innovative School. Nevertheless, all their explanations suffer the same defect: overemphasizing one specific social force and focusing too much on middle and micro changes in diplomacy without due attention to the systematic influence and macro-level changes in diplomacy. When embracing all the actors involved in diplomacy, we can find a kind of non-traditional diplomacy quite distinct from traditional diplomacy. In turn, how to unify the non-traditional diplomacy and traditional diplomacy is becoming an urgent task for many countries. This paper finally suggests that following the tide of socialization in world diplomacy, China should actively carry on top-level design and try to build the whole diplomatic system with two wings of traditional diplomacy and non-traditional diplomacy.