真菌性感染性心内膜炎22例临床特征分析

Clinical characteristics of 22 cases of fungai infective endocarditis

目的探讨真菌性感染性心内膜炎（FE）患者的临床特点、治疗方式和预后。方法连续人选2003--2009年阜外心血管病医院符合Duke诊断标准的真菌性心内膜炎患者，对其临床特征、微生物学特点、并发症和死亡原因等进行回顾性分析。结果共入选FE患者22例。中位年龄45岁，男女比例2．1：1。13例（59．1％）患者为医疗相关性感染，1例静脉吸毒相关感染。最常受累的瓣膜是主动脉瓣（40．9％），其次是二尖瓣（13．6％）。16例（72．7％）患者超声心动图发现赘生物，〉10mm的赘生物占54．5％（12／22），〉15mm的赘生物占31．8％（7／22）。最常见的致病微生物为念珠菌属，占68．2％（15／22），其中白念珠菌占45．5％，近平滑念珠菌占9．1％；其次为曲霉菌属，占22．7％（5／22），其中烟曲霉菌占9．1％。易患因素包括人工心脏瓣膜置换术后、免疫功能受损等。急性感染期间发生的严重并发症包括难治性心力衰竭、系统性栓塞、难以控制的感染和急性肾功能衰竭。住院病死率为40．9％（9／22），主要死亡原因为难治性心力衰竭、脓毒症并发的多器官功能衰竭和脑卒中。15例患者经抗真菌药物治疗包括氟康唑、伊曲康唑、醋酸卡泊芬净和伏立康唑。7例（31．8％）患者接受了瓣膜置换术，其中3例为再次瓣膜置换术。接受内外科联合治疗的患者住院病死率较低（1／7）。结论FE在医疗相关性感染和免疫功能低下患者多见；栓塞事件发生率高，且赘生物体积大；住院病死率高，死因包括心力衰竭、脓毒症和反复的动脉栓塞。

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics, treatment regimens and outcomes of the patients with fungal infective endocarditis. Methods An observational study was conducted at our hospital and recruited 22 consecutive patients with a definite diagnosis of fungal infective endocarditis. Their overall characteristics, treatments, complications and outcomes were analyzed. Results The mean age at presentation was 45 years with a slight male preponderance. Among them, 13 cases had healthcare- associated infective endocarditis and 1 patient was an intravenous drug user. Aortic valve （40. 9% ） was most commonly affected and it was followed by mitral valve （ 13.6% ）. The most common etiological agent was Candida （ 68.2% ）, followed by Aspergillus （ 22. 7% ）. Risk factors include the prosthetic valve replacement surgery, impaired immune function, and so on. Major complications during the acute infective phase were also recorded, including heart failure, embofic events, uncontrolled infections and renal dysfunction. The overall hospital mortality rate was 40. 9%. There were 15 patients with antifungal treatment, which including fluconazole, itraconazole, caspofungin acetate and voriconazole itraconazole. The remaining 7 patients （31.8%） underwent valve replacement surgery, including 3 cases of cardiac valve re- replacement. A better outcome was observed in patients on a combined regimen of medical and surgical therapies. Conclusions Fungal endocarditis is associated with more invasive interventions and immunocompromised patients. The incidence of embolic events and in-hospital mortality is still high in patients with fungal endocarditis, and the larger vegetation is more common. Heart failure, sepsis and repeated arterial embolization are the most common cause of death.