中国草地农业系统与耕地农业系统的历史嬗替--《中国农业系统发展史》序言

China’s Historical Shifting between Grassland-agriculture and Cropland-agriculture——Preface of History of the Development of China's Agricultural System

农业生态系统是人类对自然生态系统农业化的结果,因而它受自然和人文两方面因素的制约。中国农业系统发展历史主要为草地农业系统和耕地农业系统交互影响及其兴衰演替,其历程大致可概括为周代以前草地农业为主,耕地农业萌芽期;经过春秋战国时期的草地农业为主,耕地农业的成长期;再到汉代的耕地农业成熟,而草地农业衰退期;直至近代的草地农业的极度衰微,耕地农业进入盛极而衰期。自汉代以下,两大农业系统虽有四次大规模融合的机遇,但都失之交臂。耕地农业依靠了系统的自组织机制,顺利运转达数千年而不败。而在新时代下,这种自组织机制被逐渐减弱,终至几乎完全丧失,农业系统失衡,种种弊端迅速显现。适应新时代的现代草地农业系统必将以新的姿态,再次走上历史前台。

Natural ecosystems form agro-ecosystems by the means of human agricultural action. For this reason, agro-ecosystems both restricted by factors of natural and human. The interaction and shifting from grassland-agriculture to cropland-agriculture was the basic historical trend of China＇s agro-ecosystems, the brief course can be described as follows： grassland-agriculture dominated agro-ecosystems relative to cropland -agriculture before Zhou Dynasty, it is the initial stage of cropland-agriculture as well; Then, the same pattern it is at the spring and autumn period and the warring states period, when is the growth stage of cropland -agriculture; After that, cropland-agriculture came up to its mature stage at the Han Dynasty while grassland-agriculture recession stage; Finally, cropland-agriculture reached an unprecedented peak and the grassland-agricuhure extreme wane till modern times. The two agro-ecosystems missed four opportunities of integration since Han Dynasty. Cropland-agriculture existed by self-organized mechanism for thousands of years. But the self-organized mechanism faded gradually so that almost vanished at new era, consequently,damages of agro-ecosystems emerged for t hat it will have been in out-of-balance. The revival of the modernagro-grassland-agriculture will be inevitable since it adapts to the new era.