中国传统国家农贷的结构、逻辑与困境

The Structure,Logic and Dilemma of Traditional Chinese State Agricultural Loan

中国传统农业社会中的农贷问题是一个很少被关注但却有重要研究价值的问题,它有助于观察我国古代农村社会经济、农户家庭生活、农村金融活动等的运行与变迁,同时也是理解历史上"国家—农民"关系的一把钥匙。本文以必要的经济史料和数据作支撑,对传统农业社会国家农贷的结构、独特逻辑和运行困境进行了总体分析。分析发现:传统国家农贷在放贷内容上呈实物和货币并行特征,但实物重于货币;在放贷对象上国家希望偏重于贫困农户,但现实中却经常错位;消费和生产是国家农贷的两种基本用途,但消费性重于生产性;在利息率方面,呈现出"要么低息要么高息"的两极倾向。而这些结构性特征有着内在的逻辑必然。

State agricultural loan in traditional Chinese society is a problem that has received little at- tention but has important research value. For example, it contributes to understand the running and change of ancient China＇s countryside social economy, farmer＇s family life, rural financial activities,and so on. Meanwhile, it＇s also a key to understand the relationship between the state and farmer. With the necessary historical infor- mation and data, this paper give an overall analysis on the structure,logic and operating dilemma of state agri- cultural loan in traditional Chinese society. Analysis showed that there are some unique structural characteris- tics of the traditional state agricultural loan. In content aspect, real loan and monetary loan are paralleled, but the former important than the latter. In lending object aspect, the state want to focus on the impoverished farmers, but in reality is often misplaced. In use aspect, consumption and production are it＇s two basic uses, but used for the consumption account for more proportion. In interest aspect, it showing a bipolar tendencies that ＂either low interest or high interest＂. In fact, these structural features have their inherent logic.