和敬清寂 茶禅一味——论日本茶道

Harmony, Respect, Clearness and Loneliness Integrated with Zen: The Analysis of the Japanese Tea Ceremony

茶与禅宗的结合,是中国一种独特的文化现象,即茶文化现象。茶禅一味,是中国茶文化的精髓和天地人和的最高境界。日本茶道起源于中国的禅僧,由日本的禅僧将中国茶种带回日本进行播种,还将中国的种茶、饮茶之道进行传播,并逐渐发展而形成的。日本茶道的开山鼻祖村田珠光、茶道的中兴之祖武野紹鴎都是通过拜禅师学禅,将禅的哲学内涵与茶道所追求的精神境界结合起来,并一步步将日本茶道发扬光大,禅宗无疑是影响日本茶道精神内涵形成的最重要的因素。日本茶道,从"露地"、"茶室"环境、"床の間"、"天井"、"畳"的布置,到"懐石料理"的选择;从茶道仪式过程,到人的心境,都体现了其精神内涵,即和、敬、清、寂,形成了日本茶道独特的思想艺术体系。

The combination of Chinese tea and the Chan sect is a unique cultural phenomenon in the Chinese tea culture. It is the essence of the Chinese tea culture to taste Zen in tea, which also means reaching the most harmonious state among the Heaven, Earth and Human Beings. Japanese tea ceremony originates from Chinese tea ceremony which prevailed among dhyana monks in ancient China. Japanese dhyana monks brought Chinese tea seeds back to Japan for planting. Without exception both Cuntian Zhuguang, the founder of Japanese tea ceremony, and Wuye Shaoou who carry forward it had acknowledged the Chinese Chan master as teachers and then learned to combine the philosophical connotation of Zen and the transcended spiritual state teaism pursuing to gradually widely spread and flourish the tea ceremony in Japan. Therefore, the Chan sect is undoubtedly the most important factor affecting the formation of the spiritual connotation of Japanese tea ceremony. Infused with such cultural and spiritual connotation as ＂ harmony, respect, limpidness and quietness＂, Japanese tea ceremony has formed its particular ideology and artistic system, which at the same time is the crystallization and representative of the Japanese culture.