欧克肖特大众政治思想的历史解析

Historical Interpretation of Oakeshott’s Popular Political Thoughts

近代以来的英国代议制政府实际上只是维护少数人利益的寡头政府。英国大众依靠自己数量上的优势,在19世纪和20世纪不停地对代议制政府施压,最终赢得了普选权,并把由个体性愿望产生的代议制政府变成了反个体性的大众政府。现代英国政党组织虽因大众而兴,却在一定程度上化解了大众民主的压力,仍是政治精英惯于栖身之处。选民的实际需求成为英国政党制定政策的依据,这是无可否认的历史进步。但欧克肖特却认为,技术理性主义为害不浅,它渗透进英国政党政治中,使其蜕变为文本的政治和一式的政治。

Essentially, the British representative government was a kind of oligarch government protecting the interests of politi- cal elite. Depending on the priority in quantity, the mass in Britain ceaselessly put pressure on the representative government in the 19th and 20thcentury and finally got universal suffrage. They turned the representative government originating from the individual de- sires into the anti-individual popular government. While growing up with the emergence of the mass, the British modern political par- ties neutralized the pressure of popular democracy to some extent, and remained the shelters of political elites as before. Nowadays, the policies of British political parties are based on the electorate＇ s real needs. This historical progress can not be denied. But Michael Oakeshott holds the opinion that the techno-rationalism permeates every level of the British party politics, and turns out to be the poli- tics of book and uniformity,which breeds harm to the society.