农地制、土地利用与可持续发展——以内蒙古一个村落的60年变迁为例

Tenure,Land Use and Sustainable Development——Evidence from 60 Years Changes in an Inner Mongolia Village

农地制、土地利用与可持续发展是处于国际学术前沿的一个发展课题。迄今对中国乡村这三者之间关系所做的探究不单缺乏以社区为本的实证研究,而且往往忽视了村落层面非正规制度所起的作用。基于民族志田野调查,文章从历史视野勾勒了内蒙古一个村落以往60年土地利用活动的流变及与之伴生的生态后果,并探究了其背后的制度因素。研究揭示,这个村不断变化的土地利用实践是自上而下的国家正规制度与嵌入村落社区的非正规制度交互作用的结果。国家农地制度中所有权与使用权的分离、集体行动的弱化、社会资本的丧失以及市场经济的冲击等正规与非正规的制度机制的缺失都加剧了微观层面的不可持续性。这一切都折射了西部乃至全国各地带有普遍性的共同挑战,有助于拓宽并加深对农业和农村可持续发展的理解。

Sustainable agriculture and rural development has been influenced not only by tenure arrangements of the state, but also by institutional practices at the grassroots. Based on an ethnographic field research, this paper outlines dynamic changes of land use activities and their ecological outcomes, and explores the underlying institutional factors in an Inner Mongolia village of the last 60 years from historical perspectives. This study demonstrates that changing land use practices were the outcomes of the interactions of top-down national land tenure policies and localized informal institutions. The lack of institutional mechanisms of protecting land resources, particularly the separation of land use rights from ownership, the impacts of market penetration, weakening collective action and eroding social capital, has negatively impacted the pursuit of sustainability at the village level.