论朱子“知言疑义”与胡五峰《知言》之义理特色

On the Philosophical Implications of ZHU Xi's "Questioning Understanding the Word" and HU Wu-feng's Understanding the Word

鉴于自牟宗三先生提出胡五峰为宋明儒学中与程朱、陆王鼎足为三,而且是继承北宋以明道为中心之儒学的嫡传,而一般评论朱子之"《知言》疑义"一文,多未能切中此中五峰之义理,与朱子、张南轩之不同义理系统与对儒学之诠释,因此,就朱子之"《知言》疑义"析论胡五峰之核心义理,与朱子对所引五峰文献之批评,以及张南轩在此论述中的表现,研究基本上是就宋明儒学两大传统进行一内部对话式的分析。文中疏释五峰被质疑之文献,见出五峰之学主要是根于明道,但用语则更偏向伊川。而五峰立性为天下之大本,主"尽心成性"之义,实集北宋四家之哲学义理之大成,确能盛发北宋,特别是明道之学,是代表北宋儒学的嫡传。至于朱子之疑义,主要是根据中和新说之后的观点,对五峰之学与中和旧说的反省,行文时有立场不同之批评,亦有误解不谛之处。

According to MOU Zong-san, there are three systems in the Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism： the system of Cheng brothers and ZHU Xi, the system of LU Xiang-shan and WANG Yang-ming and the system of HU Wu-feng. Mou traces the lineage of HU to Cheng Ming Dao. In his comments on ZHU Xi＇s ＂Questioning Understanding the Word,＂ Mou did not capture the core of Hu＇s philosophy, nor was he able to distinguish HU＇s interpretation of Confucianism from that of Zhuxi＇s and ZHANG Nan-xuan＇s. Based on ZHU Xi＇s ＂Questioning Understanding the Word,＂ I will in this paper try to provide an interpretation of HU Wu-feng＇s thought and I will also analyze ZHU Xi＇ s criticism of HU Wu-feng＇ s text and ZHANG Nan-xuan＇ s attitude during this debate. In this sense, this paper can be viewed as an analysis of the internal dialogue between the two great traditions within Neo-Confucianism. I will show that HU＇s philosophy is akin to CHENG Ming-dao＇s, though his verbal expressions resemble those of CHENG Yi-chuan. According to Hu, xing is the primary substance of the universe. He promotes the idea of ＂developing one＇s mind-heart to achieve the xing.＂ As a synthesis of all four major thinkers of the Northern Song, Hu＇s thought fully developed their central ideas, especially those of CHENG Ming-dao. He inherited the true spirit of the Northern Song Neo-Confucianism. ZHU Xi＇s reflection on the old theory of zhonghe is made from the standpoint of the new theory. His critique is in the main external rather than internal, and in many places missed the targets.