殷周金文“献纳”义动词释论

Verbs Indicating Offertory in the Bronze Inscriptions of Yin and Zhou Dynasties

殷周金文中的"献纳"义动词共有"献、羞、入(纳)、荐、尊、享、进、共(供)、稟、觐、惠"11个,总出现频次为74次,除"献、羞、纳"三词外,其余各词的出现频率均很低,总体出现时间为殷商1例、西周46例、东周27例;句法功能上,不带宾语的略多于带宾语的,与同属取予范畴的"赐予"义动词相比,"献纳"义动词在个体词目和总出现频次方面均明显少于前者,反映了两者的不平衡存在状态;与殷墟甲骨文相比,殷周金文中此类动词的词目和出现频率均有所增加,与先秦传世文献相比,殷周金文中的多数此类动词都见于传世文献且出现频率很高;同时先秦传世文献中也有一些此类动词是殷周金文未见的,表明殷周金文中此类动词虽已初具规模,但尚处于发展的初始阶段。

Counted together there are eleven verbs signifying offertory in bronze inscriptions of Yin and Zhou Dynasties： Xian（献）; Xiu（羞）; Ru （人）; Na（纳）; Jian（荐）; Zun（尊）; Xiang（享）; Jin（进）; Gong （共）; Gong （供）; Bing （稟）; Jin （觐）; Hui （羞）. These words appear a total of 73 times. With the exception of the three verbs of“Xian（献）, Xiu（羞）and Na（纳）”, these words appear at low frequency. They appear, in chronological order, once for Shang （商）, 45 times for West Zhou and 27 times for East Zhou. In terms of syntactic function, slightly more verbs were followed by no objectives than otherwise. Compared with verbs of vouchsafe such as ＂award （赐予） which are in the same school as words of offertory, the offertory verbs are obviously fewer than the former in number of word items and in overall frequency of appearance, reflecting inequality between the two. Compared with the oracles on bones, the number and frequency of these words had increased in bronze inscriptions. Compared with extant pre-Qin documents, we discover that most of these verbs could be found in the historical texts and in high frequency. Furthermore, some verbs of this type that exist in extant documents do not exist in the bronze inscriptions, indicating that this type of verbs, though appearing on large scale in Jinwen, were nevertheless in the infancy of their development.