拟声词在语言发生学上的意义——从动态系统原理下的音义关系看

The Significance of Onomatopoeia in Genetic Linguisitcs——From the Perspective of Sound-meaning Relationship under Dynamic System Theory

拟声词是语言向知识表达迈出的第一步,是类语言向真正意义上的语言过渡(即语言化)的重要标志。其拟声特征顺应从言外到言内的适应性变化而渐趋损耗。作为原始词类,典型的拟声词必然多方受制于语言系统的约束,却又带着深层次的超系统性。由拟声词直接或间接发展来的众多非拟声词构成了语言词汇的主体,后者程度不等、方式不同地携带着某种拟声要素,其中所有模拟人类发声和一部分模拟外界发声的拟声要素具有语言普遍性。拟声要素的等效选择性、多能性、变异性等多股力量的不断搅拌,使整个词汇理据系统归于混沌。拟声结构模式是其他非拟声结构模式的仿制对象或结构模因。本文论证表明拟声词是如何助成系统化的语言,又如何受制于常识和既有语言基础的双重作用的。

Onomatopoeia acts as the first step of linguistic expression, and is an important sign of quasi-language transforming into real language（ i. e. lingualization）. It may gradually lose its onomatopoeic characteristics along with its adaptation from external to internal language. As a primitive word class, typical onomatopoeias are inevitably constrained by language system in many aspects, while still maintaining their deeper nature beyond the system. Many non-onomatopoeias are directly or indirectly evolved from onomatopoeias and make up the main part of the language vocabulary. Those non-onomatopoeias still carry onomatopoeia properties to various degrees and manners, among which the imitation of all human sounds and some external world sounds is a linguistic universal. Various factors such as the equivalent selection, versatility and the variability of onomatopoeias keep interacting and cause the whole vocabulary system to be chaotic. The model of onomatopoeia structures can be deemed as an imitative target or a structural meme of other models of non-onomatopoeia structures. This paper mainly aims at demonstrating the dual affects of how onomatopoeias assist language to become systematic, and how they are constrainted by general knowledge and existing language foundations.