论冷战后禁飞区的实施困境与出路

On the Difficulty and Solution of the Implementation of No-fly Zone after the end of Cold War

作为20世纪90年代以后才出现的一种新型的武力措施,禁飞区是联合国安理会为了维护国际和平与安全而采取的一种新方法。通过分析冷战后伊拉克、波黑和利比亚三次禁飞区实践可以发现,禁飞区虽然在《联合国宪章》中有一定的依据,但是却处于实施困境当中。这些困境包括:缺乏安理会授权建立的禁飞区在形式上就不符合国际法;获得安理会授权建立的禁飞区虽然在形式上符合国际法,但是缺乏设立条件、程序、主体、判断标准、监督和实施方式等方面的具体制度安排。从国际法理论与国际政治角度分析,上述困境的成因有国际法执行机制比较薄弱、安理会授权使用武力的决议比较原则、禁飞区的设立和实施严重受制于西方国家的主观意图等多方面的原因;上述困境的存在也给国际关系实践造成了较大的危害性。因此,积极完善禁飞区制度就显得十分必要和重要,具体包括高度重视并充分发挥安理会在授权使用武力行动中的重要作用;明确禁飞区自身的定位性质;严格限定实施条件和建立相应的监督机制。作为中国来说,也应该从国际法方面积极加强完善禁飞区制度的对策研究。

After studying the respective no-fly zone practices in Iraq,Bosnia and Herzegovina,and Libya after the cold war,we can conclude that the implementation of no-fly zone is in difficulties.i) Those no-fly zones without authorization by the UN Security Council are not legitimate in international law;ii) Those no-fly zones authorized by the UN Security Council are legitimate,detailed institutional but there are no detailed institutional agreement for no-fly zones in terms of establishment conditions,procedures,responsible body,standard for judgment,monitoring and implementations.The implementing difficulty of no-fly zone is due to many reasons.Amongst which are: i) The implementation mechanism of international law is weak,ii) The terms on using force made by the UN Security Council are relatively general,iii) The establishment and implementation of no-fly zone are subject to the intentions of western countries.The foregoing difficulties also bring harms to the practice of international relation.Therefore,it becomes very necessary and important to improve the no-fly zone system.China should also strengthen the strategic study of no-fly zone system from international law's point of view.