改造传统农业:经典理论与中国经验

Transforming Traditional Agriculture:Classical Theory and Chinese Experience

如何改造传统农业,是一个极具争议性的话题。目前关于此项研究主要有三条进路:一是在理论上坚持以社会化大生产改造传统农业,在实践中又转化成以集体化为载体改造传统农业。二是以农户、村社为基础发展合作社及纵向一体化改造传统农业。三是通过引进新的生产要素及人力资本投资来改造传统农业。虽然这三种研究进路都有助于中国传统农业的改造,但当今中国小农已进入到社会化小农时期。他们既面临着全方位的市场化、社会化,也面临着更多的风险和不确定性。要兼顾农民能力提升、削减风险和农民增收目标,就需要通过全方位、立体化的公共服务网络对社会化小农进行改造。对于有合作需求的农民和地区,可以通过以合作化为基础的纵向一体化方式进行改造;对于尚没有合作需求且不愿意进行合作的农民,则可以通过内外两个方面共同给力——内部进行人力资本投资提升农民的核心竞争能力,外部通过公共服务网络建设提升农民抵御风险的能力。这既有别于集体化改造,也充分尊重了农民的主体地位;对于政府而言,还是一种积极的、操之在我的改造方式和方法。

Transformation of traditional agriculture is a controversial topic. This research mainly has three approaches. The first way to transform traditional agriculture is that the Marxism adhere to the socialized production transforming traditional agriculture, and converted into collectivization as a carrier to improve traditional agriculture in practice. The second way to transform traditional agriculture is relying on development of cooperatives and vertical integration which base on peasant household and village community. The third way to transform traditional agriculture is through the introduction of new production elements and human capital investment. The article argues that three research approaches can be conducive to Chinese traditional agriculture transformation, but it must base on the local practice. If peasants have cooperative demands, we can transform traditional agriculture through cooperation and vertical integration. If not, we must rely on inside and outside force. Internal force through human capital investment can improve farmers＇ core competitive ability. External force through the public service network construction can improve farmers＇ ability of resisting the risk, that is, through enhancing the ability to transform traditional agriculture.