开放与保密:科技信息传播控制及其对创新的影响——以美国科技信息传播控制机制为例

Openness and closeness:dissemination control of scientific and technical information and its impact to innovationwith dissemination control mechanism of the United States as example

科学技术知识在各种生产要素中的地位与作用越来越显著。新的信息革命又导致知识传播的效率空前提高。科学技术知识的生产、分配和使用做为一项重要的政治议题,反映了作为科技知识生产者的科学家和研发人员个体以及其所依附的机构(大学、研究所、企业)、社会公众以及国家和政府之间的多角色利益博弈。影响科技信息传播的主要制度性安排包括学术期刊系统、知识产权制度和国家保密制度,开放与保密则是科技信息传播控制的两个极端。美国是当今科技最为发达的国家,本文力图从科技信息的开放与保密这一视角,分析美国科技信息的传播控制机制及其对科技创新活动的影响,同时探讨对我国的启示和借鉴意义。

Science and Technology（S＆T） knowledge are playing more and more important role among all factors of production, while information revolution drives the speed of knowledge dissemination to a new record. As one important political issue, the production, distribution and usage of S＆T knowledge reflects the multiple - role game play between scientists, researchers, their institutions, pub- lic, as well as the government. Institution arrangements, affecting the dissemiantion of S＆T information, include academic journal sys- tem, intellectual property system and national security system, with openness and secrecy locating at the two opposite pole. United States has the most developed and innovative S＆T system. Through the perspective of openness and secrecy, this paper analyzes the dissemination control mechanism of S＆T information of America and its impact to S＆T innovation, and discusses possible reference sig- nificance to related policies of China.