从排诋佛教到提倡佛教——以清末民初张謇为主的讨论

From Rejecting Buddhism to Advocating Buddhism—A Discussion Centered on Zhang Jian in the Late Qing and Early Republican Periods

作为中国早期现代化历程中的先驱性人物,国家存亡一直是张謇的基本关怀。晚清时期,受新思潮与反传统思想的影响,加之中国面临的困难、挑战,以及退虏送穷的强烈愿望,张謇希望彻底改变隋唐以降祀佛以求福田利益的虚妄和庞大的浪费,主张排诋佛教和提倡庙产兴学。但民国初年,因传统文化与政治秩序的基本结构崩溃,社会秩序、道德规范、人心维系的问题,逐渐成为张謇的基本关怀。而提倡佛教,不自觉地否定了晚清时期的反传统思想而回向传统。

As a pioneer in China's early modernization process,Zhang Jian's basic concern was the fate of the nation.During the late Qing period,under the influence of new ideological trends and anti-traditionalism,confronted with China's difficulties and challenges,and stimulated by a strong desire to expel the Manchu ruling class and abolish poverty,Zhang Jian hoped to completely alter the groundless concept of sacrificing to Buddha to gain happiness and worldly benefits,popular since the Sui and Tang dynasties,and eradicate the vast waste it caused.Zhang Jian advocated rejecting Buddhism and seizing temple assets to establish schools.However,in the early Republican period,because of the collapse of the basic framework of traditional cultural and political structures,Zhang Jian's core concerns gradually turned to problems such as social order, moral standards and unity of public feeling.By advocating Buddhism,Zhang Jian unconsciously denied his late Qing antitraditionalism and returned to tradition.