选择性采集对植物及生态系统的效应

Effects of Selective Harvesting on Target Plants and the Related Ecosystems

选择性采集是人类利用野生生物资源过程中的一个普遍现象。选择性采集不仅对采集对象及其所在的生态系统有明显影响,而且也对资源的可持续利用和保护具有十分重要的意义。本文对近年来在选择性采集对资源植物及其所在生态系统等方面的影响进行了综述。集中阐述选择性采集对采集对象的居群遗传结构、多样性及动态的影响,以及和采集对象的生物学特征、采集部位、采集方式、采集时间和采集强度的关系。在生态系统水平上,选择性采集可能会导致采集对象所在的群落中物种多样性、生态系统的结构和功能等发生变化。然而,随着商业性采集强度的增大,传统选择性采集方式也发生了显著变化。民族植物学应该在研究人类采集利用实践对植物资源的生态效应中发挥更为重要的作用。

Selective harvesting is a common practice in human＇s utilization of wild bio-resources. It influences the characteristics of the harvested species at molecular, population, and ecosystem levels, and is therefore important for sustainable use and conservation of plant resources. The papers concerning selective harvesting of plants and their ecological and evolutionary effects have been reviewed in this paper. Selective harvesting can influence the genetic diversity, population structure and dynamics of the harvested species, and its impacts are dependent obviously on their biological characteristics, parts used, harvesting regime, harvesting time and harvesting intensity. Many stud- ies presently focused on timbers. For non-timber plants, only some species with high economic value and endangered species have been studied. Selective harvesting also causes the species richness, structures and functions of related ecosystems. Traditional harvesting practices are considered as a sustainable approach to resource use, but few direct evidences on genetic and species levels are available. Commercial harvesting may lead to the change of traditional harvesting. Ethnobotany should play a more important role in the study of selective harvesting and its ecological and evolutionary effects.