用视觉功效理论研究城市隧道出入口段与洞外道路照明

Research on the Lighting of Entrance and Exit Segments of City Tunnels and Outside-tunnel Roads with Visual Efficiency Theory

城市隧道白天洞外亮度较高,为了避免黑洞效应,隧道出入口段设置较高亮度的照明。夜间洞外道路照明亮度较低,而隧道出入口段的照明亮度却基本保持不变(中国的现状),这不利于行车安全,也是极大的能源浪费。通过对国内外有关隧道和道路照明标准的比对研究,并对中国福建、贵州、重庆11个隧道出入口段照明和北京、上海、成都、重庆部分道路照明现状进行测量和分析,发现隧道出入口段照明与洞外道路照明亮度对比差异过大,特别是夜间从明亮的洞内行车到洞外时,是从洞内的明视觉环境到洞外暗视觉或中间视觉环境,因车速原因,视觉适应度差,存在安全隐患。目前,国内没有针对城市隧道出入口段与洞外道路连接处照明的相关标准,国内外对其的研究还比较欠缺。本研究从视觉特征出发,用反应时间为参量的视觉功效法研究城市隧道出入口段和洞外道路照明,提出城市隧道出入口段在现有标准基础上减弱照明,在洞外道路上加强照明的方法,使城市隧道出入口段照明与洞外道路照明的对比值控制在3:1～5:1以内,以适应视觉特点,为实现行车安全和照明节能提供了新的研究途径。

During the day, the luminance of outside city tunnels is relatively high. In order to avoid the black-hole effect, illumination of higher luminance should be installed at the entrance/exit segments of tun- nels. During the night, the illuminating brightness of outside-tunnel city roads is relatively lower, while that of entrance/exit segments of tunnels basically remains the same higher （current status in China）, which is not conducive to driving safety and wastes lots of energy. Through the comparison research of domestic and foreign relevant standards of tunnel and road lighting, as well as measurement and analysis of the present sta- tus of entrance/exit segments lighting of 11 tunnels in Fujian, Guizhou, Chongqing, and the present status of some roads lighting in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Chongqing, it is found that there are significant differences between the luminance of tunnels entrance/exit segments and the luminance of outside-tunnel roads. Especially when drive from the bright inside to the outside, that is from the inside photopic vision environment to the outside scotopic vision and mesopic vision environment. Due to high speed and poor visual fitness, there exist potential safety hazards. At present, there is no visual fitness standard for lighting of en- trance/exit segments of city tunnels and outside-tunnel roads in china, the domestic and foreign relative re- searches are still not enough. Based on visual features, with response time as parameter, this article applies the visual efficiency method to study the lighting of entrance/exit segments of city tunnels and outside-tunnel roads. In this thesis, the method of weakening illumination of entrance/exit segments of city tunnels on the basis of existing standards and enhancing illumination of outside-tunnel roads has been provided. Thus the re- duced value of entrance/exit segments of city tunnels illumination and outside-tunnel roads illumination can be controlled from 3 ： 1 to 5 ： 1 to adapt to visual features. This article provides new research approaches for a- chieving driving safety and lighting energy saving.