马铃薯对瓜列当种子萌发的化感作用研究

Allelopathic effect of potato on Orabanche aegyptiaca Pers.seed germination

瓜列当给瓜类等经济作物造成较大危害。本研究采用盆栽4个推广马铃薯品种＂夏波蒂＂、＂青薯168＂、＂冀张薯5号＂和＂克新1号＂,以不同生长时期（幼苗期、开花期和结薯期）马铃薯根际土、根系和地上部的浸提液（甲醇和水）刺激瓜列当种子萌发,根据发芽率来判定其对瓜列当化感作用的强弱,同时筛选刺激瓜列当发芽率高的品种用于列当杂草的防除。结果表明,马铃薯能刺激瓜列当种子萌发;不同马铃薯品种对瓜列当的化感作用各有差异,随着马铃薯的生长,根际土中化感物质积累不断升高,根系化感作用逐渐减弱,而地上部化感作用逐渐增强。甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子发芽率高于水浸提液,即甲醇浸提化感作用效果较好。＂夏波蒂＂根系甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子的发芽率在幼苗期最高,为48.5%;而地上部甲醇浸提液处理的发芽率在结薯期最高,为51.2%。可以在瓜列当危害的农田轮作＂夏波蒂＂5~8年,同时采用马铃薯秸秆还田来减少土壤中瓜列当种子库,达到防除瓜列当危害的目的。

Orobanche aegyptiaca is a national-class quarantine species in China which is seriously harmful to melons and other economic crops. In this study, four commercial potato varieties （＂Xiabodi＂, ＂Qingshu 168＂, ＂Jizhangshu No.5＂ and ＂Kexin No.l＂） were planted at a pot experiment, and their rhizosphere soils and plant organs （roots, stems and leaves） sampled at different growth stages （seedling, blossoming and tuber forming stages）. Allelopathy potential of extracts （methanol and distilled water） of the above samples was measured in terms of germination rates of O. aegyptiaca seeds treated. The potatoes varieties with O. aegyptiaca seed high germination rates were chosen to prevent and kill off O. aegyptiaca seeds on croplands. The results showed that potato stimulated O. aegyptiaca germination, and the allelopathy potential differed with potato variety. The germination rates of O. aegyptiaca seeds treated with extracts of potato rhizosphere soil increased with potato growth. This suggested that potato secreted O. aegyptiaca germination stimulants at certain period of growth which in turn reduced O. aegyptiaca seed bank in the soil. At seedling stage of potato, the germination rate of O. aegyptiaca seeds treated with 10-fold diluted methanol extracts from potato roots was higher than those from the shoot system. Seeds treated with ＂Xiabodi＂ showed the highest germination rate （48.5%）. At blossoming stage of potato, the germination rate of O. aegyptiaca seeds treated with 10-fold diluted methanol extracts from stems was highest, followed by those treated with root extracts and leaf extracts. Seeds treated with ＂Jizhangshu No.5＂ had the highest germination rate （33.0%）. At tuber forming stage of potato, the germination rate of O. aegyptiaca seeds treated with 10-fold diluted methanol extracts from shoot system was higher than those from roots. Also seeds treated with ＂Xiabodi＂ gave the highest germination rate （51.2%）. While the germination rate of O. aegyptiaca seeds treated with root extracts declined with increasing growth of potato, those treated with aerial part extract increased. This suggested that of O. aegyptiaca germination stimulants in potatoes gradually moved from the root to shoot system. The germination rate of O. aegyptiaca seeds induced by methanol extracts was higher than that induced by water extracts. In other words, methanol extracts had better effects as germination stimulants. Although artificially synthesized analogues had facilitated the germination of parasitic plant seeds, government protocols had limited their field application and dissemination. Other methods for controlling O. aegyptiaca seeds （e.g., artificial weeding, herbicide application, hybridization and transgenic method） for broomrape resistant cultivars had some disadvantages. Using potato to control O. aegyptiaca was therefore a promising strategy that not only reduced and eradicated parasitic weed seed deposition in soils, but also significantly reduced host broomrape damages. Root methanol extracts of ＂Xiabodi＂ at seedling stage induced higher germination rate （48.5%） of O. aegyptiaca seeds than other potato varieties. The parts from the shoot system at tuber formation stage also induced the highest germination rate （51.2%） of O. aegyptiaca seeds. Thus among the four potato varieties, ＂Xiabodi＂ had the highest allelopathic potential on O. aegyptiaca. Since potato was reproducible from tuber and reasonable quantities were obtainable in a short time, crop rotation was an adoptable method in areas with serious O. aegyptiaca damages. Specifically, ＂Xiabodi＂ has been planted for 5-8 years with returning straw to soil to not only reduce O. aegyptiaca seed bank in the soil, but also minimize O. aegyptiaca damages.