摘要直肠类癌又称直肠嗜银细胞癌．是一种来源于神经外胚层胺前摄取与脱羧（amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation）细胞的恶性肿瘤．具有组织分化较好、生长缓慢、介于良性与恶性肿瘤之间的、较少早期发生转移等特点，但具有潜在恶性和转移复发潜能，故目前直肠类癌的治疗以手术治疗为主。
1Modlin I M, Lye K D, Kidd M. A 5- decade analysis of 13 715 carcinoid tumors [J]. Cancer, 2003,97 (4): 934-959.
2Kinoshita T, Kanehira E, Omura K, et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumor [J].Surg Endosc, 2007,21 (6) : 970-974.
3Modilin I M, Kidd M, Latich I, et al. Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids [ J ]. Gastroenterology, 2005,128(6) : 1717-1751.
6Wang M, Peng J, Yang W, et al. Prognostic analysis for carcinoid tumours of the rectum:a single institutional analysis of 106 patients [J]. Colorectal Dis, 2011,13 (2): 150-153.
7Lee D S, Jeon S W, Park S Y, et al. The feasibility of endoscopic rectal with endoscopic mucusal resection [J]. Endoscopy, 2010,42 ( 8 ) : 661-663.
8Park H W, Byeon J S, Park Y S, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for treatment of rectal carcinoid Tumors [J]. Gastrointest Emtosc, 2010,72(1) : 143-149.
4ROSALIND U. VAN STOCK. Subepithelial lesion[ J]. Gastrointestinal Endosonopgraphy, 1999,153.
5Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13 715 carcinoid tumors [J]. Cancer, 2003, 97(4): 934-959.
6Scheriibl H. Rectal carcinoids are on the rise: early detection by screening endoscopy [J]. Endoscopy, 2009, 41(2): 162-165.
7Toth-Fejel S, Pommier RF. Relationships among delay of diagnosis, extent of disease, and survival in patients with abdominal carcinoid tumors [J]. Am J Surg, 2004, 187(5): 575-579.
8Soga L Early-stage carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract: an analysis of 1 914 reported cases [J]. Cancer, 2005, 103(8): 1587-1595.
9Maggard MA, O'Connell JB, Ko CY. Updated population-based review of carcinoid tumors [J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(1): 117- 122.
10Kinoshita T, Kanehira E, Omura K, et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumor [J]. Surg Endosc, 2007, 21(6): 970-974.
2Modlin IM, Kidd M, Latich I, et al. Current status of gastrointestinalcarcinoids [ J]. Gastroenterology, 2005, 128 (6): 1717 -1751.
3Gujral DM,Bhattacharyya S. Cardiac manifestations of gastrointestinalcarcinoid tumor [ J]. Future Cardiol, 2013 , 9 (4) : 479 -488.
4Kim HH, Kim GH, Kim JH, et al. The efficacy of endoscopicsubmucosal dissection of type I gastric carcinoid tumors comparedwith conventional endoscopic mucosal resection [ J ]. GastroenterolRes Pract, 2014, 2014: 253860.
5Bosman FT, Cameiro F, Hruban RH, et al. WHO classification oftumours of the digestive system [ M] . Lyon: IARC, 2010.
6Frilling A, Akerstrom G, Falconi M, et al. Neuroendocrine tumordisease: an evolving landscape [J]. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2012,19 (5) : R163 - 185.
7Caplin, Sundin, Nillson, et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines forthe management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms :colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms [ J ]. Neuroendocrinology,2012,95 (2) : 88 -97.
