国家机关公文、证件、印章的司法认定

Judicial Identification on Document,Certificate and Seal of Government Offices

伪造、变造、买卖国家机关公文、证件、印章罪的犯罪对象是司法认定难点。对国家机关的认定争议不大,文章认为公文复印件、红头文件、海事公文、电子公文是文件,私制文书可为文件;机动车号牌、印制与监制的证件是证件,失效的证件可以作为证件看待,证件必须格式完整,证件外皮、无印章证件不属于证件,有正当目的可以排除证件犯罪的刑事责任;印章包括印形和印影,印章与省略文书不同,撤销和虚拟的印章、负责人印章都是印章。

The criminal object of forgery, transaction and alteration of documents, certificates and seals of government offices is the difficulty in judicial identification. The controversy in the identification of the state organs is not much. The copy of documents, official documents, maritime documents and electronic documents are documents, and private documents should belong to documents too. Motor vehicle plates, printed certificates and produced certificates, invalid certificates are certificates. Certificates should be with complete format, but the certificate cover and the non-sealed certificate should be excluded. The ones with legitimate purposes can exclude document offenses of criminal responsibility. Seal contains printed form and film, which is different from omitted documents, revocation seals and virtual seals, and the seal of the person in charge of the offices.