全新世中国北方沙地人类活动与气候变化关系的初步研究

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN SAND FIELDS OF NORTHERN CHINA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLIMATIC VARIATIONS IN HOLOCENE

中国北方沙地的生态环境较为脆弱，是研究人类活动与气候变化关系的关键地区，但该区域的相关研究欠缺。本文通过对考古资料和古气候资料的全面分析，尝试探讨全新世中国北方沙地人类活动与气候变化的关系。结果表明，9～4ka相对适宜的气候条件促使了中国北方沙地新石器时代人类活动的开始和发展。4～2ka较为严酷的气候条件，严重影响了呼伦贝尔沙地和浑善达克沙地的人类活动；科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地的史前人类，通过生业模式的调整以及活动范围的改变，适应了气候变化，文化得以延续，人类活动总体没有减弱。2ka以来，人类适应能力增强，各沙地人类活动的强度和范围均大幅扩张。通过区域对比发现，沙漠化程度较高的浑善达克沙地和地处高纬度寒冷环境的呼伦贝尔沙地，人类活动强度总体较弱；科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地生态环境条件相对优越，且受到中原文化的影响，人类活动强度较大，文化谱系相对完整。研究区各时期人类遗址沿水系分布特征明显，反映了水源作为沙地地区的限制性因素，对人类活动的分布具有重要影响。

Sand fields in Northern China are key area to study relationship between human activities and climatic variations, due to its relatively weak and vulnerable ecological environment. However,this kind of research work was not undertaken before. In this study, we investigate relationship between human activities and the climatic variations in Holoeene by analyzing the extant archaeological and paleoclimatic data. We collected a complete data set and use density of the archaeological sites （ archaeological sites/ka. 1000kin2 ） as proxy indicator to reconstruct the culture development in the sandy fields during the Holocene. Our preliminary results show that the relatively warm/humid climate during 9 -4ka is the cause of beginning of the human activity in these sandy fields of northern China. The deterioration of climate during 4 -2ka led to critical effect on human activity in the Hulun Buir and Otindag sandy fields. On the basis of changing life styles, the prehistorical human-beings in the Horqin and Mu Us sandy fields have adopted themselves to the climatic changes and made their culture developed. Since 2ka,the ability of humans became stronger and the extent of human activity was expanded. Through regional comparison,the Hulun Buir sandy field located at high latitudes and the Otindag sandy field that has a high level of desertification and aridity cause the human activity density was low; the human activity in the Horqin and Mu Us sandy fields, which has better environment,also influenced by the Central Plain Culture, were stronger and had a relatively complete culture development sequence. As a result of the relatively arid environment, the archaeological sites distribution was always along the river in the four sand fields,reflecting water is a limit factor of human activity in this arid region.