从“大学符号”到“乐队指挥”——德国大学校长与大学内外部的关系及其演变

From the Symbol of the University to the Orchestra Leader——The Relationship between German Rectors and the University inside and outside and Its Evolution

长期以来,德国大学校长在与大学外部的关系中,其权力被政府架空,与社会之间存在着难以逾越的鸿沟;在与大学内部的关系中,只是大学的符号而已,并与学术人员相互独立。近二三十年来,德国政府对大学资金分配方式的转变和社会力量的增强等对德国原有高等教育及其管理协调模式造成一定的冲击,这为加强大学校长的领导权提供了一定的条件。同时,教授主导的各种委员会的权力在一定程度上让渡给大学校长,德国政府通过立法赋予大学校长一定的行政管理权力,德国大学校长的领导权也由此进一步得到了加强。

Outside the university, the power of the German university rector was overhead by the government, and there was a insurmountable gap between the rector and the society; inside the university, the rector was only the symbol of the university. However, the allocation mode of funds has changed and the social power was strengthened in recent twenty or thirty years, which affected the management coordination and enhanced the leadership of the rector. The internal management of the German universities gradually focuses on the uni- versality and equality of participation, and the power of the various committees led by uni- versity professors was transferred to the university rector to a certain extent. The German government gave the rectors certain administrative power through legislation, and the leader- ship of the university rectors has been strengthened.