战国楚简否定副词“弗”、“不”研究

A Research of the Usages of "Fu(弗)" and "Bu(不)" on the Bamboo Slips of Chu in the Warring States Period

"弗"与"不"在古汉语中是两个极为常用的否定副词,考察二者在战国楚简中的区别和联系,语法功能上相近,只是在语用上有一定差异。从"不"和"弗"后接的语气词、前加修饰语及所处语句的句式与语境来看,二者在语用上有一定的差异:"弗"的语气较"不"强烈,"不"或与其他词组合成固定短语,或前加修饰语表达强调语气,还常用于并列、排比复句表达强烈的主观色彩。这说明"不"主要还是具有表达一般否定的功能,所以在表达强调语气时更需要其他修饰语相配合,它并不能完全代替"弗",这也正是"弗"为什么能够在战国晚期仍能与"不"并存的主要原因。但是不可否认,"不"在使用频率和适用范围上远远大于"弗",这是承自甲骨文、金文以来的用法。

＂Fu （ 弗 ） ＂and ＂Bu （不） ＂are two most common negative adverbs in ancient Chinese. The paper in- vestigates the difference and relation of these two words on the bamboo slips of Chu in the Warring States Period. These two words have the similar grammatical function, but have some differences in pragmatics. In terms of the mood particles following ＂Fu （弗 ） ＂and ＂Bu （不） ＂, their modifiers, the sentence patterns and context, they show slight differences in pragmatics. ＂Fu＂ indicates a stronger tone than ＂Bu （不） ＂, while the word ＂Bu＂ may form fixed phrases with other words or express a strong mood if modifiers are used before it. ＂Bu＂ may also be used to express subjectivity in coordinate and parallel sentences. This shows the main function of the word ＂Bu＂ is to ex- press negative meaning. So it cannot replace ＂Fu＂ to express a strong tone. That is why ＂Fu＂ might co-exist with ＂Bu＂ in the late period of the Warring States. However, the usage frequency and scope of the word ＂Bu＂ is much larger than the word ＂Fu＂.