达尔文难题及其解决路径

Darwin's Altruism Problem and Its Solutions

达尔文的自然选择学说强调生存竞争,以此建立的行为准则是,个体的一切行为都是为了自身获得好处。这种行为准则难以解释自然界普遍存在的利他行为,这是自然选择学说的困境。笔者认为,目前盛行的几种个体选择理论都存在一些解释力方面的局限性,而副产品互助理论的引入则有助于补充和完善其中的一些缺陷。笔者认为,亲缘选择理论、互惠理论、间接互惠理论和副产品互助理论有机综合在一起,可以较为系统和完整地解决达尔文难题,并且这种解决方式是在个体选择纲领下完成的,符合达尔文自然选择学说的主旨。

Darwin＇ s theory of natural selection emphasizes the competition for survival, which is difficult to explain altruistic behaviors ubiquitous in nature. To solve this problem, the introduction of by -prod- ucts mutual aid theory can supplement and perfect some defects. This paper thinks theory of kin selec- tion, reciprocity theory, indirect reciprocity theory and byproducts mutual aid theory are organically inte- grated to solve Darwin＇s problem systematically and completely. And this solution is completed in indi- vidual selection, which is in line with the meaning of the title of Darwin~ theory of natural selection.