论农村教师的“生存伦理”及“日常反抗”——基于皖中L县的实地调查

On the "Survival Ethics" and the "Daily Resistance" of Rural Teachers——a Field Survey of L County in Central Anhui

生存伦理是美国政治人类学家詹姆斯.斯科特在研究东南亚农民问题时所使用的分析性概念。斯科特认为,在"安全第一"的生存伦理下,农民所追求的不是收入的最大化,而是较低的风险分配与较高的生存保障。与东南亚农民相异,我国的农村教师更多地追求的是较低生存风险的"稳定第一"原则。此外,基于"稳定第一"原则的生存伦理对于农村教师而言主要是在道义经济和道德观念的层面上适用。从道义经济层面来看,农村教师的生存伦理就是使自己在当地能够维持一种类城市人的生活模式和相应的生活水准;从道德观念层面来看,农村教师的生存伦理就是使自己与其参照人群相比时能够做到相对公平的"同工同酬",避免出现与他们过于悬殊的收入、声望等落差。当农村教师的生存伦理受到威胁时,农村教师多采用"日常反抗"等形式进行生存抗争。

Survival ethics is an analytical concept applied by James Scot, the American political anthropologist when he was doing the research on the Southeast Asian farmers. Scot holds the view that based on the survival ethics of ＂safety first＂, what farmers pursue is not the maximization of income, but the lower risk allotment and the greater survival guaran- tee. Contrary to the Southeast Asian farmers, what the rural teachers in our country pursue more is the principle of ＂stability first＂ with the lower survival risk. Besides, the survival ethics based on the principle of ＂stability first＂ is applicable to the rural teachers mainly at the level of moral economy and moral concept. As far as the moral economy is concerned, the sur- vival ethics of rural teachers is that they can maintain the life model and standard similar to the city people in their local places and as far as the moral concept is concerned, they can get ＂equal pay for equal work＂ compared to their reference people, avoiding the greater gap of income and prestige, when their survival ethics is threatened, rural teachers will tend to struggle through the ＂daily resistance＂.