金朝初叶的国都问题--从部族体制向帝制王朝转型中的特殊政治生态

National Capital of the Early Jin Dynasty : A Peculiar Political Form in the Transformation from the Tribe System to the Imperial System

女真人在推翻契丹王朝之后,仍长期保留辽上京的旧称,而作为一国之都的金上京会宁府,却一直被称为"御寨",直至建国20多年后才有京师名号和州府名称,以致后人往往将辽上京与金上京混为一谈。金初的"御寨"只是一个名义上的国都,都城的政治功能相当弱化,由于缺乏中央集权的专制皇权,没有一元化的政治体制,再加上四时迁徙的捺钵遗俗,注定了女真式"御寨"无法发挥汉式国都的重要作用。金朝初叶的国都问题,是女真政权从部族体制向帝制王朝转型过程中存在的一种特殊政治生态。如果换一种眼光去看待北方民族政权,要理解这段历史也许并不困难。

After the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan rule , they retained the former name of the 'Upper Capital of Liao' for a long time.However , 'Huiningfu , ' the Upper Capital of the Jin Dynasty , was referred to as 'Yuzhai , 'and did not receive the capital title until two decades later , after the Jin Dynasty was founded.During the early period of Jin , 'Yuzhai' was only a nominal capital , and performed rather weak political functions.Due partly to a lack of centralized imperial authority and unified political system and partly to the nomadic nabo customs , the Jurchen-style 'Yuzhai' had not played as important a role as the Han-style capital.The capital issue in the early Jin dynasty reflects a peculiar political form of Jurchen regime in its transformation from the tribe system to the imperial system.It would be easier to understand the history if we take a different look at northern ethnic regimes.