银雀山汉墓竹简《孙子兵法》之文献学价值刍议

On the Philological Values of the Dongjak Han Bamboo Slips of The Art of War

汉简本《孙子》的文献学价值是多方面的:其篇目次序的排列,不同于传世宋本,即始于《计篇》而迄于《火攻篇》,特点是以战争价值观为立足点,注重"兵凶战危"的用兵宗旨与原则,这显然是对孙子兵学思想更为合理的逻辑揭示。它的文字内容本身,澄清了传世历史典籍中征引《孙子》之文有异于传世本《孙子兵法》文字的谜团,如"攻则有余,守则不足"当作"守则有余,攻则不足","卒善而养之"实为"卒共而养之",传世本"上将军"中"军"字乃衍文,等等,皆赖竹简本发现而得以说明。再则,汉简本与传世本的有差异性文句,虽均可疏通解读,但汉简本的文义与语境显然更贴切妥恰,如"合之以文"即明显优胜于"令之以文"。至于汉简本与传世本比较,有助于了解和认识《孙子》流传过程中所折射的特定历史文化精神风貌,如竹简本《形篇》"无奇胜"之悄然"失踪",竹简本《计篇》中"顺逆,兵胜也"的文字被删去,等等,即为显著例子。

The philological values of the Dongjak Han Bamboo Slips of the Art of War are various.First,the arrangement of the chapter order is different from the version handed down from the Song.It begins from Chapter Ji and ends in Huo Gong basing on the war value and emphasizes the war’s negative influences,which is a more reasonable demonstration on the military strategies of Sun-Tzu.Second,it clarifies some puzzles on the version differences,e.g.,Attack is enough while defense is lake should be written as Defense is enough while attack is lack.Third,the contents of the Bamboo Slips are more suitable to the contexts,e.g.,to unite in a soft way is better than to educate in a soft way.Last,the comparison between these two versions benefits the understanding of the specific feature of the historical culture.