论清代乡约职能演变的复杂性

On the Complexity of the Functional Change of Xiangyue in Qing Dynasty

清代内地的乡约和西南汉族聚居地区的乡约普遍经历了由教化向行政管理的职能演变,而少数民族乡约和东北新兴垦区的乡约则在设置之初就被赋予了基层行政管理职能。清代乡约的职能演变不仅导致乡约类型和行政型乡约功能的多样化,而且引起教化型乡约和行政型乡约在同一地区同时并存。清代乡约的职能演变之所以呈现出地域性和多样性,与清代官府对基层社会控制程度、地方主流社会势力和基层社会权力体系三者的地区差异有关。清代乡约职能演变的复杂性,既反映了清代乡约在基层社会中的适应性,又体现了清代国家控制基层社会方式的灵活性。清代的国家权力正是通过乡约灵活多变的职能演变向乡村社会深层渗透。

The function of Xiangyue changes from education to administration in southwest China and inland of Qing Dynasty, and adopts administrative function when they are established in north- east China and the area where the ethnic groups dwell. The functional change of Xiangyue leads to the variety of their tape, the functional diversity of the administrative Xiangyue, and the co-exsis- tence of different Xiangyue. The diversity of the type of Xiangyue is due to the difference of the offi- cial control of the grass roots, the major social stratum and the system of the local organizations among various areas. The complexity of the functional change of Xiangyue marks their adaptability in the local society, and the flexibility of the official control of the grass roots. The official power per- meates to the grass roots with the flexible and diversified forms of the functional change of Xiangyue in Qing Dynasty.