长江流域湿地自然保护区分布现状及存在的问题

Distribution Status of Wetland Nature Reserves and the Problems in Yangtze River Watershed

为了加强长江流域湿地的保护,更好地维持长江流域湿地生态系统的稳定,利用空间信息技术,分析长江流域的湿地自然保护区数量、密度和距离上的空间分布差异,以及自然保护区级别及其主管部门的组成结构差异,研究长江流域各子流域内湿地自然保护区分布格局。依据长江流域各省人均湿地拥有率指数和相对人均国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product,简称GDP)等参数,对长江流域各省潜在的湿地保护压力与保护能力进行评估。在空间分析的基础上,结合实际的湿地自然保护区调查,探讨了长江流域湿地自然保护区目前存在的主要问题。针对长江流域内湿地自然保护区分布不均、自然保护区之间发展不协调、土地权属无保障和自然保护区分类与管理混乱等问题提出了相关的湿地保护建议。

As an important ecosystem,wetland performs many vital ecological functions including flood protection,water purification and wildlife habitats.Yangtze River is the largest river of China and harbors massive tributaries and lakes in different geomorphologic units,which makes its watershed as a crucial wetlands distribution area of China.Nature reserve is proved as a successful and wide used mode to protect wetlands.To strengthen the protection of wetlands and optimize the management and arrangement of wetlands nature reserves（WNRs）,the study explored the spatial pattern of WNRs and potential problem about it in Yangtze River watershed through spatial analysis methods.Disparity of biotopes occurs in different sub-watersheds for their individual climate,hydrologic and terrain status.The SRTM DEM was utilized to divide twelve sub-wa tersheds according to the national technique standard of wetlands investigation.The quantity,density,grading and mutual distance of WNRs were statistically calculating based on the twelve sub-watersheds.The results shows WNRs distributed obvious unevenly in different sub-watersheds of Yangtze River watershed.Dongting watershed is the largest sub-watersheds of Yangtze River but the number of WNRs located in it didn＇t comport with the area of it.No one national grading WNR was designated to represent their unique biotopes in three sub-watersheds including Jialingjiang,Mintuojiang and Taihu.The largest number of WNRs located in Poyang watersheds while the majority of them are in county grading and some of them are distributed too near to less than the 5% of the average mutual distance of all WNRs in Yangtze River watersheds.Based on the component structure of WNRs in Yangtze Riber watersheds,the WNR aimed to rare animal protection is the most component in the nine types of nature reserve system.The WNR aimed to protection the wetlands ecosystem lists as the second most components.Provincial administration plays a key role in the management of WNRs and the strategy of wetland protection in China.So the potential stress and capacity of wetlands protection was analyzed base on provincial administration units.The statistics of wetlands areas,population and GDP in different provinces of Yangtze River watershed were collected to depict the population stress and economic ability of wetland protection.The relative average GDP index and wetlands owning rates were developed based on the statistics in each provincial unit.Shanghai shows a highest value in protection ability and lowest value in potential stress,while Guizhou and Gansu are under heaviest stress and lower capacity of wetlands protection.In general,the uneven spatial pattern of WNRs in Yangtze River watersheds underestimates the representative importance of some sub-watersheds in wetlands protection,and results low level WNRs distributed too densely in other sub-watersheds.It is necessary to pay more attentions to the province with low capability and high stress of wetlands protection,such as Guizhou Province and Gansu Province.The obscure boundary without landownership of WNRs makes it difficult to realize their required functions for the conflict of interests.The classification system and named rules of nature reserves in China could ignore the integrity of ecosystem,overemphasize the importance of single species and limits the effect of WNRs too.