历史·范式·结构:犯罪学中的风险开示

History · Paradigm · Structure:Risk Knowledge in the Criminology

在20世纪末,风险已成为占据主要支配力的问题处理方式。对于犯罪学来说,关于风险的争论已经贯穿在研究的全部范畴内。犯罪学中的风险理论经历了从隐性到显性的知识发展。在犯罪控制范式转变中,风险的规制、维控与治理与犯罪的预防、控制与治理分别对应而形成了以回抗、维控、化解风险压力为导向的控制结构。同时,作为犯罪控制结构要素的控制主体、控制措施与控制客体的任一环节的自反性都将使犯罪控制的运行超出设计初衷而出现风险性。犯罪学中的风险理论是犯罪学与风险学科的交叉研究理论,也存在由于风险的不确定性在犯罪治理中的适用所引发的一系列争议性问题。由此,风险议题在解决我国司法实践难题时显得尤为重要。

At the end of the 20th century,the risk has become a dominating way of solving issues.For criminology,the debate about the risk has been throughout all aspects of its research.Risk theory in criminology has developed from recessive knowledge to dominant knowledge.In the shift of crime control paradigm changing,risk regulation,dimensional control and governance correspond to crime prevention,control and treatment respectively,thus an anti-dimensional control and resolve risk stress-oriented control structure is formed.At the same time,the reflexivity of any part of the main control structural elements,such as control subject,control measures and control objects,is likely to make crime control run beyond that is designed,and consequently risks may emerge.Risk theory in criminology contains not only interdisplinary study of both criminology and risk disciplines,but also a series of debatable issues triggered by the uncertainty of risks in crime governance.Risk issue is particularly important in solving native judicial practice problems.