普世价值与环境权之辨

The Distinction between Universal Values and Environmental Rights

普世价值是指适用于全人类的价值。东西方存在四种普世价值观:亚布拉罕普世价值观、启蒙时代普世价值观、印度普世价值观、儒家普世价值观。这四种价值观无法吸收或同化彼此,难以建立起世界统一的价值观体系。近代社会主义和资本主义的分立使得普世价值观更加难以调和。人类对人与自然关系的认识包括人类中心主义、自然中心主义、生态中心主义以及宇宙中心主义等四种。由于方法、观点和传统的不同,人类在保护自然过程中依据的普世价值观出现了分化,无法统一。国际公约规定的环境权普世价值在现实的实施阻碍重重。由于环境权具有历史性、地域性,其主体、客体和内容以及实现、享有均具有差异性,因此没有普世性的环境权。

Universal values are values applicable to all mankind. There are four universal values in the East and West ： the universal values of Abraham, those of the Age of Enlightenment, those in India, and Confucian universal values, which cannot be mutually absorbed or assimilated so as to establish a unified global value system just because of their irreconcilability caused by the divorce of modern socialism from capitalism. The human cognition of the relations between man and nature is of four types： anthropocentrism, natural centrism, ecoeentrism and cosmoeentrism. Because of differences in approaches, perspectives and tradition, humans have been divided in their respective universal values of the environmental protection, thus having led to lots of difficulties in the actual implementation of universal values of environmental rights specified in international conventions. Given the historical and regional factors of environmental rights, there are differences in their respective subject, the object, the contents and realization, hence no universal environmental rights.