汉语双重否定范畴的逻辑语义分析

The Logical Semantic Analysis of Categories of Double Negation in Chinese

学界对双重否定的分类有的存在错误,有的边界不清,至今没有令人满意的定论。因而有必要结合自然语言逻辑描写的严密性和精准性,进行重新分析。双重否定的逻辑特征为:语言结构中存在"～(～p)"或"～～p",且不表达否定意义。基于莱文森三层次意义理论,将语境引入汉语双重否定的分析中,可以从语义和语用两个维度进行分类和探讨。语义双重否定中的直陈型在逻辑式中直接体现"～(～p)"或"～～p",隐含型的逻辑式需在逻辑推导过程中或在语义转换后的逻辑推导过程中才能显现"～(～p)"或"～～p"。语用双重否定与语用否定及语境相关。类型型语用双重否定由惯用句式来判定,实例型语用双重否定通过信息补足及逻辑式描写或逻辑式推导来显现双重否定的逻辑特征。

There are flaws in some of the current classifications of double negation. The bounda- ries of some of such classifications are unclear. No satisfactory consensus has been reached so far. Therefore, it is necessary to reanalyze Chinese double negation with logical rigor and precision in de- scription of natural languages. Double Negation is characteristic of the logic form of ＂-（-p）＂ or ＂- -p＂ in the construction which does not carry negative meaning. Based on Levinson＇s Three Levels of Meaning, and with context introduced into the analysis, the paper classifies and analyzes double nega- tion in Chinese from the semantic and pragmatic levels. In explicit semantic double negation, the pro- totype of double negation ＂-（-p）＂ or ＂--p＂ can be directly found in the logic form of the con- struction, whereas in implicit double negation, the prototype of double negation can only be realized from the logical derivation or the logical derivation after the semantic conversion. Pragmatic double negation is related to pragmatic negation and context. Type pragmatic double negation is defined by idiomatic patterns. The logic form of token pragmatic double negation is reflected by means of logical description or logical derivation after information supplement.