“民主的联合战线”的提出与转变

Proposal and Its Transformation of the "Democratic United Front"

在二大的文件中,"民主的联合战线"、"民主主义的联合战线"、"民主革命的战线"、"民主革命的联合战线"等多种表述并提,其核心内容与精神实质是相同的。"民主的联合战线"从提出到转变充满艰辛。在共产主义阵营中对于"民主的联合战线"的必要性、重要性有较多的共识,但对要不要保持中国共产党的独立性存在分歧。在这一重大问题上,中共中央、共产国际的态度是肯定的,而马林的态度是否定的。至于如何保持这种独立性,要不要争取在"民主的联合战线"中的领导权,共产国际是提出了正确的原则,但偏于笼统抽象,缺乏可操作性。共产国际对幼年的中国共产党的指导多数是正确的,东方部萨发罗夫、远东局维经斯基均不乏真知灼见,但共产国际代表马林在"民主的联合战线"问题上却以势压人,将自己的意见冒充共产国际的决定强迫中共接受。1923年共产国际的一月决议采纳了马林的主张,使之合法化、正式化了。实际上马林轻视中国共产党,对中共缺乏信心,势必迁就国民党。历史表明,提出统一战线的理论与策略不容易,争取实现更不容易。从某种意义上来说,大革命的成功与失败均与"民主的联合战线"的提出与转变有着直接的关系。

In the document of the Second National People＇s Congress of CPC,the ＂democratic united front＂,＂the front of the democratic revolution＂,＂democratic revolutionary united front＂,etc.were put forward,and their essential content and spiritual essence are the same.The proposal and transformation of ＂democratic united front＂ are full of hardship,and there were more common views for the necessity and the importance of ＂democratic united front＂ in the communist camp,without basic differences.The difference was whether the independence of the Communist Party of China should be maintained or not.On this major issue,the attitudes of the Central Committee of the CPC and the Communist International are affirmative,but Marin＇s is negative.The Communist International proposed the correct principles on how to maintain this independence and whether striving for the leadership of ＂democratic united front＂,but those principles tended to be ambiguous and Abstract,and lacked the feasibility.Most of the guidances of the Communist International for young CPC are correct,there is no lack of insight in the Communist International,such as SaFa Rove in the Oriental Department,Grigori Voitinskyn in the Far East Bureau,etc.However,Marin,a representative of the Communist International,overwhelmed others by his power on the problem of ＂democratic united front＂,and forced the CPC to accept his opinions,by taking his own opinions as the Communist International＇s.January Resolution of the Communist International adopted Marin＇s opinions in 1923,which make Marin＇s opinions legalized and formalized.Actually Marin despised the CPC.Marin＇s lack of confidence in the CPC would give in to Kuomintang inevitably.History had shown that it was easier to propose the theories and strategies of united front than to realize them.In a sense,success and failure of the great revolution has a direct relationship with the proposal and transformation of ＂democratic united front＂.