从清华简《系年》看“共和”与“共和行政”

A Re-examination of “Gong-he” and “Gong-he Xing-zheng” Based upon the Text of Xi-Nian on the Bamboo Slips Collected by Qinghua University

被司马迁称之为"共和元年"的前841年,发生了中国历史上著名的"国人暴动"事件。对于"国人暴动"爆发后的西周王朝政局,司马迁在《史记?周本纪》中极为简略地将其记述为"召公、周公二相行政,号曰共和。""共和"时期长达十四年之久,史称这段时期的政局为"共和行政"。学界对于"共和"及"共和行政"的原义聚讼纷纭,迄今尚无定论。本文在前人研究基础之上,运用多重证据和社会背景分析的方法,将汉代以前的传世文献与清华简、金文等新出资料相结合,认为"共和"是共伯和的简称,得出了"共和行政"实为共伯和名义上摄行王政但由周、召二公实际执政掌权的结论。

The year of 841 B.C was called 'The First Year of Gong-he'(共和) by Sima Qian,when the so called 'Insurrection of Townsman' took place.According to Sima Qian's brief record,after that event,Duke Zhao and Duke Zhou jointly conducted the role of administer which is the original meaning of 'Gonghe'.The 'Gong-he' lasted for 14 years which was recorded as the period of 'Gong-he xing-zheng'(共和 行政,joint administration).The scholarly re-interpretation of 'Gong-he' and 'Gong-he xing-zheng',however,has never reached a common conclusion.Based on the recently discovered text Xi-nian(系年) in the bamboo slips collected by Qinghua University and other materials,this paper argues that the so-called Gong-he actually means such a situation that Gong-bo He(共伯和) as the figurehead while Duke Zhou and Duke Zhao jointly conducted the administrators.