东魏北齐灭亡原因新探——以怀朔镇勋贵的经济特权为中心

New Interpretation of the Reasons for the Eastern Wei and the Northern Qi to Perish——Taking Nobles' Economic Privileges in Huaishuo as the Centre

东魏北齐政权的怀朔镇勋贵主要是靠特权形成了自身的大土地占有制。而东魏北齐国家的经济政策也主要是维护怀朔镇勋贵的大土地占有制,而非个体小农。其所实行的均田令并没有缓和因土地兼并引发的空前严重的社会矛盾,反而成为怀朔镇勋贵维护既得利益和广占土地、招揽依附民的又一途径。这使北齐国家控制的土地和编户越来越少,从而动摇了北齐国家的根基。东魏北齐国家的食干制也主要是为了保证怀朔镇勋贵大土地占有制有稳定的依附人口和力役来源。出于认可怀朔镇勋贵的政治地位和其群体作为军队主要将领的政治考虑,东魏北齐国家还纵容放任怀朔镇勋贵的群体性贪污行为。维护包括怀朔镇勋贵在内的整个统治集团的特权,是东魏北齐国家经济政策的根本出发点,而这也是东魏北齐富而速亡的重要原因。

Depending on their privileges, the nobles and officials of great merits in Huaishuo during the governments of the Eastern Wei and the Northern Qi establish their own system of possessing huge land areas, while the national economic policy of these two countries is mainly to protect this kind of system but not the individual smallhotders. The policy of equal field does not mitigate the unprecedented serious social contradiction caused by land annexation. On the other hand, this policy becomes a new means to maintain the nobles＇ vested interests and to possess more lands. As a result, the government controlls less and less land and labor forces, which are the base for its governments. In order to acknowledge the nobles＇ political status and depend on their military force, these two governments have to indulge the nobles＇ embezzlement. In a word, to maintain the whole governing groups＇ interests is not only the governments standing point of economic policy, but also is an important reason for their quick failure.