清朝官修《明史》关于南明历史纂修的讨论

On the Discussion of the Southern Ming History Style in the Official Compilation of MINGSHI in the Qing Dynasty

南明历史书法,是清朝官修《明史》的一个重要问题。它包括两个方面:南明抗节人臣的表彰与南明帝王史事的处理。从康熙中期正式官修《明史》到王鸿绪刊刻《明史稿》,再到殿本《明史》刊布,官修《明史》关于南明历史书法的讨论发生了一些显著变化。对于南明抗节人臣,起初一本"周之顽民,即殷之义士"的忠义原则,主张大肆表彰忠节,到后期则取法《宋史》、《元史》表彰易代之际人物的做法,表示"不没其实",但在历史叙述上更多地叙述明亡以前史事,而略写南明时期抗清事迹。关于南明帝王史事,由最初讨论为依据《宋史.瀛国公纪》体例,附于《崇祯帝本纪》论赞之末,到独成《三王传》,附于《诸王列传》之后,而最终改置于其始封诸王之末。这样的做法,明显地体现了清朝官方弱化南明历史的政治企图和学术倾向。

One of the important issues in the official compilation of MINGSHI is the style of the Southern Ming history, which involves both the recording of Southern Ming emperors and the propagation of the dead officials＇ loyalty in the anti-Qing struggle. From the normal compilation of MINGSHI in the mid-Kangxi period, to the publishing of MINGSHIGAO by Wang Hongxu, and to the publishing of the MINGSHI by the Hall of Military Prowess, there were some distinct changes on the discussion of the southern Ming history style. On the one hand, the Southern Ming emperors were discussed at first as an appendix to the CHONGZHENBENJI according to SONGSHI style, and then were adapted as the SANWANGZHUAN brought up at the rear of the ZHUWANGLIEZHUAN, and finally were directly placed at the back of their ancestors as successors. On the other hand, the anti-Qing dead firstly were propagated widely by official according to the loyalty principle, and then were professed recording accurately according to the styles of SONGSHI and YUANSHI, but at last their deeds were recorded detail before the fall of the Ming Dynasty and brief in the Southern Ming Dynasty. So there proves to be the political tendency of weakening the Southern Ming history.