武汉市客运交通生态足迹的计算与分析

Calculation and analysis of urban passenger traffic ecological footprint in Wuhan

为了将生态足迹理论应用于交通领域,建立完善的交通生态足迹分析模型,以武汉市为实例,考虑城市机动车辆排放硫氧化物对生态环境的影响、道路建设与维修时的能源消耗及交通工具使用过程中产生污水对水资源的影响,系统介绍了城市客运交通生态足迹的计算方法,评价武汉市客运交通对城市生态环境的影响,为城市客运交通结构的优化和可持续发展提供科学依据.结果表明,从交通生态占用的土地类型可知,化石能源用地所占份额最大,为10 138 453.75全球性公顷,占客运交通生态足迹总量的95.13%,水足迹次之,为505 600.23全球性公顷,占总量的4.75%,而建设性用地只占很少一部分,为12 891.12全球性公顷,仅为总量的0.12%;从生态足迹构成分析可知,私人小汽车占用为5 952 325.908全球性公顷,占总量的55.85%,远高于其他交通方式的生态足迹,公共汽车、出租车和摩托车的生态足迹分别占总量的18.26%、15.21%、6.36%,电动车仅3.08%,自行车与其他出行方式相比很小,可以忽略不计;自行车生态效率最高,电动自行车和公共汽车次之,私人小汽车的利用效率最低,前三者分别为后者的1 812.5、39和21倍.在武汉市各类客运交通工具中,私人小汽车生态足迹最大,生态效率最低,公共汽车和出租车生态效率较大,对城市环境压力相对较小,自行车和电动车生态效率高,为短距离出行绿色运具.因此,发展清洁能源,大力发展能源利用效率的公共交通及合理控制私人小汽车的发展比例对城市交通的发展有非常重要的意义.此外,提高对城市环境影响小的自行车和电动车在城市客运交通中的占用比例和为之提供完善的出行环境和停车设施也是非常必要的举措.

To apply the ecological footprint （EF） theory to the traffic field, taking Wuhan as an example, the complete traffic EF models were built up, considering the impaction of sulfide discharged by the urban vehicle on the ecological environment, the energy consumption of the road construction and maintenance and the sewage produced by the usage of the traffic modes impacting on the water resource. A systematic introduction on the calculation of the urban passenger EF was made and the impact of passenger transportation on the urban ecological environment was assessed in Wuhan City to provide a scientific foundation for the structure optimization of urban traffic and sustainable development. Results show that in terms of land type, fossil energy land shares the most for 10 138 453.75 global hectare, accounting for 95.13% of the total EF of passenger transport. By taking the second place, water footprint is 505 600. 23 global hectare, 4.75% of the total. While built-up land accounts for a small part, 12 891.12 global hectare, only 0.12% of the total. From the EF of passenger traffic mode, private cars take up 5 952 325. 908 global hectare, accounting for 55.85% of the total, which is much more than other modes. Bus, taxis and motorcycles respectively occupy 18. 26%, 15.21%,6.36% in the total EF. The electric bicycles occupy only 3.08%. The proportion of bikes is very small compared to other travel modes, so its EF could be neglected. The ecological efficiency fEE） of bikes, electric bicycles and buses is much higher than other modes, and that of bikes is within the highest efficiency, but that of private cars is within the lowest. The first three are 1 812.5, 39 and 21 times of the last one respectively. Private cars have the lowest EE and the highest occupation in built-up land, fossil energy land and water footprint. Buses and taxis, which play an important role in urban passenger transportation system, have higher EF and a lower pressure on the urban environment. Bikes and electric bicycles, as means of transport designed for short-distance, have the highest EE. Therefore, development of clean energy, adoption of public transport with higher energy efficiency and proper control to the development of private cars in the city are of great significance to the sustainable development of urban transportation. What is more, it is particularly necessary to appropriately increase the proportion of bikes and electric bicycles with little impact on the urban environment, and to provide perfect travel environment and parking facilities for them.